Epigenetics & Chromatin,
Journal Year:
2015,
Volume and Issue:
8(1)
Published: Oct. 1, 2015
Supernumerary
chromosomes
have
been
found
in
many
organisms.
In
fungi,
these
"accessory"
or
"dispensable"
are
present
at
different
frequencies
populations
and
usually
characterized
by
higher
repetitive
DNA
content
lower
gene
density
when
compared
to
the
core
chromosomes.
reference
strain
of
wheat
pathogen,
Zymoseptoria
tritici,
eight
discrete
accessory
found.
So
far,
no
functional
role
has
assigned
chromosomes;
however,
they
existed
as
separate
entities
karyotypes
species
over
evolutionary
time.
this
study,
we
addressed
what—if
anything—distinguishes
chromatin
from
We
used
immunoprecipitation
combined
with
high-throughput
sequencing
("ChIP-seq")
associated
centromere-specific
histone
H3,
CENP-A
(CenH3),
identify
centromeric
DNA,
ChIP-seq
antibodies
against
dimethylated
H3K4,
trimethylated
H3K9
H3K27
determine
relative
distribution
proportion
euchromatin,
obligate
facultative
heterochromatin,
respectively.
Centromeres
same
sequence
composition
structure
centromeres
13
similar
length.
Unlike
those
most
other
Z.
tritici
not
composed
entirely
DNA;
some
contain
only
unique
sequences,
bona
fide
expressed
genes
located
regions
enriched
CenH3.
By
fluorescence
microscopy,
showed
that
do
cluster
into
a
single
chromocenter
during
interphase.
dramatically
enrichment
H3K9me3
H3K27me3
on
chromosomes,
consistent
twofold
poorly
transcribed
genes.
contrast,
modification
tested
here
correlated
nucleosomes.
All
length
mixture
repeat
actively
Centromeres,
subtelomeric
telomere
cannot
account
for
differences
transfer
fidelity
between
but
greatly
nucleosomes
trimethylation.
Genes
appear
be
silenced
trimethylation
H3K27.
Genes & Development,
Journal Year:
2014,
Volume and Issue:
28(24), P. 2679 - 2692
Published: Dec. 15, 2014
A
subset
of
eukaryotic
transcription
factors
possesses
the
remarkable
ability
to
reprogram
one
type
cell
into
another.
The
that
fate
are
invariably
those
crucial
for
initial
programming
in
embryonic
development.
To
elicit
or
reprogramming,
must
be
able
engage
genes
developmentally
silenced
and
inappropriate
expression
original
cell.
Developmentally
typically
embedded
"closed"
chromatin
is
covered
by
nucleosomes
not
hypersensitive
nuclease
probes
such
as
DNase
I.
Biochemical
genomic
studies
have
shown
with
highest
reprogramming
activity
often
special
their
target
sites
on
nucleosomal
DNA,
thus
behaving
"pioneer
factors"
initiate
events
closed
chromatin.
Other
appear
dependent
pioneer
engaging
However,
certain
domains
which
occluded
higher-order
structures,
heterochromatin,
resistant
factor
binding.
Understanding
means
can
how
heterochromatin
prevent
binding
promises
advance
our
fates
at
will
topic
this
review.
Nucleic Acids Research,
Journal Year:
2015,
Volume and Issue:
44(D1), P. D726 - D732
Published: Nov. 2, 2015
The
Encyclopedia
of
DNA
Elements
(ENCODE)
Project
is
in
its
third
phase
creating
a
comprehensive
catalog
functional
elements
the
human
genome.
This
project
includes
an
expansion
assays
that
measure
diverse
RNA
populations,
identify
proteins
interact
with
and
DNA,
probe
regions
hypersensitivity,
levels
methylation
wide
range
cell
tissue
types
to
putative
regulatory
elements.
To
date,
results
for
almost
5000
experiments
have
been
released
use
by
scientific
community.
These
data
are
available
searching,
visualization
download
at
new
ENCODE
Portal
(www.encodeproject.org).
revamped
provides
ways
browse
search
based
on
metadata
describe
as
well
summaries
focus
provenance.
In
addition,
it
flexible
platform
allows
integration
genomic
from
multiple
projects.
portal
experience
was
designed
improve
access
relying
allow
reusability
reproducibility
experiments.
Genome Biology,
Journal Year:
2015,
Volume and Issue:
16(1)
Published: March 24, 2015
Abstract
We
describe
the
organization
of
a
nascent
international
effort,
Functional
Annotation
Animal
Genomes
(FAANG)
project,
whose
aim
is
to
produce
comprehensive
maps
functional
elements
in
genomes
domesticated
animal
species.
