A review and meta‐analysis of the effects of climate change on Holarctic mountain and upland bird populations

Ibis, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 160(3), P. 489 - 515

Published: March 5, 2018

Mountain regions are globally important areas for biodiversity but subject to multiple human‐induced threats, including climate change, which has been more severe at higher elevations. We reviewed evidence impacts of change on Holarctic mountain bird populations in terms physiology, phenology, trophic interactions, demography and observed projected distribution shifts, effects other factors that interact with change. developed an objective classification high‐elevation, specialist generalist species, based the proportion their breeding range occurring regions. Our review found responses (extreme weather events, temperature, rainfall snow) environmental (i.e. land use) we know little about either underlying mechanisms or synergistic use. Long‐term studies assessing reproductive success survival birds relation were rare. Few have considered shifts elevational over time a meta‐analysis did not find consistent direction elevation A carried out future projections suggested whose distributions largely restricted mountains likely be negatively impacted than species. Adaptation rely mostly managing extending current protected both species already present, expected colonizing losing habitat space lower elevation. However, developing effective management actions requires improvement knowledge ecology, quality data understanding role interacting factors. Furthermore, was widespread rather specialists. Scientists should provide valuable tools assess status birds, example through development population index, policy‐makers influence legislation develop efficient agri‐environment schemes forestry practices as well regulate leisure activities

Language: Английский

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Beneficial microbes ameliorate abiotic and biotic sources of stress on plants

Functional Ecology, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 34(10), P. 2075 - 2086

Published: Dec. 2, 2019

Abstract Global climate change and shifting land‐use are increasing plant stress due to abiotic factors such as drought, heat, salinity cold, well via the intensification of biotic stressors herbivores pathogens. The ability plants tolerate stresses is modulated by bacteria fungi that live on or inside tissues comprise microbiome. However, impacts diverse classes beneficial members microbiome contrasting impact most commonly studied independently each other. Our meta‐analysis 288 experiments across 89 studies moves beyond previous in we simultaneously compare roles bacterial versus fungal within colonize surfaces ameliorating sources stress. magnitude microbial amelioration can be measured greater proportional microbes performance more stressful environments. In examine, substantial: it 23% effect size typical 56% absence amount benefit confer differs among microbes, depending whether grown non‐stressful stress, tend benefits than do fungi. symbiotic fungi, especially arbuscular mycorrhizal strongly ameliorate bacteria. particular, salinity, foliar herbivory pathogen These results highlight fact antagonistic components depend environmental contexts. Furthermore, critical for health environments thus present opportunities mitigate negative consequences global change. A free plain language summary found Supporting Information this article.

Language: Английский

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Expansion of Southern Pine Beetle into Northeastern Forests: Management and Impact of a Primary Bark Beetle in a New Region

Journal of Forestry, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 116(2), P. 178 - 191

Published: March 1, 2018

After more than a decade of damage in pitch pine forests New Jersey, an unprecedented range expansion southern beetle (SPB), Dendroctonus frontalis, has recently occurred with populations established or detected parts the northeastern United States. Widespread tree mortality stands on Long Island, York, area previously free SPB. Tree also been documented several small Connecticut. Trapping surveys have SPB farther north it had known to exist, positive trap catches Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island. Integrated pest management plans that consist preventative silvicultural treatments, landscape prioritization, detection monitoring, direct control provide best opportunity reduce effects US ecosystems. Most hard species present region are at risk SPB, but less is about white susceptibility. Unmanaged barrens particular concern, as they stand conditions conducive outbreaks. Infestation suppression implementing cut-and-leave tactics used some areas Island will continue be primary tool limit from

Language: Английский

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Northern forest winters have lost cold, snowy conditions that are important for ecosystems and human communities

Ecological Applications, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 29(7)

Published: July 16, 2019

Winter is an understudied but key period for the socioecological systems of northeastern North American forests. A growing awareness importance winter season to forest ecosystems and surrounding communities has inspired several decades research, both across northern at other mid- high-latitude around globe. Despite these efforts, we lack a synthetic understanding how climate change may impact hydrological biogeochemical processes social economic activities they support. Here, take advantage 100 years meteorological observations region United States eastern Canada develop suite indicators that enable cross-cutting (1) temperatures snow cover have been changing (2) shifts human communities. We show cold covered conditions generally decreased over past years. These trends suggest positive outcomes tree health as related reduced fine root mortality nutrient loss associated with frost negative northward advancement proliferation insect pests. In addition effects on vegetation, reductions in are likely impacts ecology through water, soils, wildlife. The overall coldness also consequences logging products, vector-borne diseases, health, recreation, tourism, cultural practices, which together represent important dimensions region. findings advance our winters transform system defined by contrasting rhythm seasons. Our research identifies trajectory informs expectations future continues warm.

Language: Английский

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Heatwaves in Southeast Asia and Their Changes in a Warmer World

Earth s Future, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 9(7)

Published: June 28, 2021

Abstract Based on the observational dataset SA‐OBS and model outputs from Community Earth System Model Large Ensemble project, this study investigates heatwaves in Southeast Asia current future warmer climate. A heatwave is detected when daily maximum temperature exceeds 90th percentile threshold at each grid for least three consecutive days. Three characteristics describing frequency, duration, amplitude of are examined, including sum days per year (HWF) satisfying definition, length longest yearly event (HWD), hottest (HWA). Results indicate that increased global warming associated with substantial changes over Asia, more frequent heatwaves, longer higher extreme temperatures. The increase HWA has a linear growth against levels distinct regional differences between Maritime Continent Indochina Peninsula due to their different heat content lower atmospheric boundaries. In contrast, those HWF HWD have nonlinear characteristics. projected tends be risk ratio value occurrence rarer relative These results reiterate potential risks if unrestricted.

Language: Английский

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Managing for the unexpected: Building resilient forest landscapes to cope with global change

Global Change Biology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 28(14), P. 4323 - 4341

Published: April 16, 2022

Natural disturbances exacerbated by novel climate regimes are increasing worldwide, threatening the ability of forest ecosystems to mitigate global warming through carbon sequestration and provide other key ecosystem services. One way cope with unknown disturbance events is promote ecological resilience both functional trait structural diversity fostering connectivity landscape ensure a rapid efficient self-reorganization system. We investigated how expected unexpected variations in biotic affect storage forested region southeastern Canada. Using process-based model (LANDIS-II), we simulated responses change insect outbreaks under different policy scenarios-including approach based on diversification network analysis-and tested potentially most damaging pests interact changes composition structure due changing management. found that warming, lengthening vegetation season, will increase productivity storage, but impacts drought drastically reduce such variables. Generalist, non-native insects feeding hardwood agents for our region, their monitoring early detection should be priority authorities. Higher driven climate-smart management fostered promotes warm-adapted species, might severity. However, alternative scenarios led higher as well connectivity-and thus resilience-than conventional Our results demonstrate adopting landscape-scale perspective planning interventions strategically space diversify forests promising enhancing stressors.

Language: Английский

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RNA interference and validation of reference genes for gene expression analyses using qPCR in southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis

Scientific Reports, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 9(1)

Published: April 4, 2019

Abstract RNA interference (RNAi) is a highly specific gene-silencing mechanism that can cause rapid insect mortality when essential genes are targeted. RNAi being developed as tool for integrated pest management of some crop pests. Here we focus on an aggressive forest kills extensive tracts pine forests, the southern beetle (SPB), Dendroctonus frontalis . We sought to identify reference quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and validate responses in SPB by gene silencing analysis. Using adult feeding bioassay oral ingestion dsRNA, measured expression demonstrated knockdown target well after genes. Our study validates analyses demonstrates effective SPB, with response dsRNAs causing 100% ingestion.

Language: Английский

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Amplification of plant volatile defence against insect herbivory in a warming Arctic tundra

Nature Plants, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 5(6), P. 568 - 574

Published: June 10, 2019

Language: Английский

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RNA Interference-Based Forest Protection Products (FPPs) Against Wood-Boring Coleopterans: Hope or Hype?

Frontiers in Plant Science, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 12

Published: Sept. 10, 2021

Graphical Abstract Three-tier impact of forest protection products (FPPs).

Language: Английский

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Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) technology to control forest insect pests and fungal pathogens: challenges and opportunities

Functional & Integrative Genomics, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 23(2)

Published: May 27, 2023

Abstract Climate change alters the seasonal synchronization between plants and respective pests plus pathogens. The geographical infiltration helps to shift their hosts, resulting in novel outbreaks that damage forests ecology. Traditional management schemes are unable control such outbreaks, therefore unconventional competitive governance is needed manage forest RNA interference (RNAi) mediated double-stranded (dsRNA) treatment method can be implemented protect trees. Exogenous dsRNA triggers RNAi-mediated gene silencing of a vital gene, suspends protein production, death targeted pathogens pests. successful for many crop insects fungi, however, studies against depleting. Pesticides fungicides based on could used combat caused different parts world. Although has proved its potential, crucial dilemma risks including species-specific selection, delivery methods cannot overlooked. Here, we summarized major fungi insect have genomic information, fungi-and pesticides. Current challenges opportunities target decision, using nanoparticles, direct applications, new mycorrhiza tree protection discussed. importance affordable next-generation sequencing minimize impact non-target species We suggest collaborative research among genomics pathology institutes develop necessary strategies species.

Language: Английский

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