Immunity,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
53(5), P. 908 - 924
Published: Nov. 1, 2020
Understanding
the
earliest
immune
responses
following
HIV
infection
is
critical
to
inform
future
vaccines
and
therapeutics.
Here,
we
review
recent
prospective
human
studies
in
at-risk
populations
that
have
provided
insight
into
during
acute
infection,
including
additional
relevant
data
from
non-human
primate
(NHP)
studies.
We
discuss
timing,
nature,
function
of
diverse
induced,
onset
dysfunction,
effects
early
anti-retroviral
therapy
administration.
Treatment
at
viremia
mitigates
peripheral
T
B
cell
limits
seroconversion,
enhances
cellular
antiviral
immunity
despite
persistence
lymphoid
tissues.
highlight
pertinent
areas
for
investigation,
how
application
high-throughput
technologies,
alongside
targeted
NHP
studies,
may
elucidate
response
features
target
novel
preventions
cures.
Frontiers in Immunology,
Journal Year:
2017,
Volume and Issue:
8
Published: Nov. 30, 2017
Cells
of
the
myeloid
lineage,
particularly
macrophages,
serve
as
primary
hosts
for
HIV
in
vivo,
along
with
CD4
T
lymphocytes.
Macrophages
are
present
virtually
every
tissue
organism,
including
locations
negligible
cell
colonization,
such
brain,
where
HIV-mediated
inflammation
may
lead
to
pathological
sequelae.
Moreover,
infected
macrophages
multiple
other
tissues.
Recent
evidence
obtained
humanized
mice
and
macaque
models
highlighted
capacity
sustain
replication
vivo
absence
cells.
Combined
known
resistance
macrophage
cytopathic
effects
infection,
data
brings
a
renewed
interest
this
type
both
vehicle
viral
spread
well
reservoir.
While
our
understanding
key
processes
infection
is
far
from
complete,
recent
years
have
nevertheless
brought
important
insight
into
uniqueness
infection.
Productive
by
can
occur
different
routes
phagocytosis
In
assembles
buds
peculiar
plasma-membrane-connected
compartment
that
pre-exists
function
remains
elusive,
it
supposedly
allows
persistence
infectious
particles
over
extended
periods
time
play
role
on
transmission.
As
cells
innate
immune
system,
detect
respond
components.
suggest
sensing
at
steps
cycle
impact
subsequent
spread.
We
aim
provide
an
overview
HIV-macrophage
interaction
stages
life
cycle,
extending
when
pertinent
observations
additional
types
dendritic
or
blood
monocytes.
Frontiers in Immunology,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
11
Published: June 11, 2020
Toll-like
receptors
(TLRs)
are
a
family
of
pattern
recognition
and
part
the
first
line
defense
against
invading
microbes.
In
humans,
we
know
10
different
TLRs,
which
expressed
to
varying
degrees
in
immune
cell
subsets.
Engaging
TLRs
through
their
specific
ligands
leads
activation
innate
system
secondarily
priming
adaptive
system.
Because
these
unique
properties,
TLR
agonists
have
been
investigated
as
immunotherapy
cancer
treatment
for
many
years,
but
recent
years
there
has
also
growing
interest
use
context
human
immunodeficiency
virus
type
1
(HIV-1)
cure
research.
The
primary
obstacle
curing
HIV-1
is
presence
latent
viral
reservoir
transcriptionally
silent
cells.
Due
very
limited
transcription
integrated
proviruses,
latently
infected
cells
cannot
be
targeted
cleared
by
effector
mechanisms.
interesting
this
because
potential
dual
effects
latency
reverting
agents
(LRAs)
modulatory
compounds.
Here,
review
preclinical
clinical
data
on
impact
stimulation
well
antiviral
HIV-1-specific
immunity.
We
focus
promising
role
combination
strategies
Different
combinations
broadly
neutralizing
antibodies
or
adjuvants
vaccines
shown
encouraging
results
non-human
primate
experiments
concepts
now
moving
into
testing.
Immunity,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
53(5), P. 908 - 924
Published: Nov. 1, 2020
Understanding
the
earliest
immune
responses
following
HIV
infection
is
critical
to
inform
future
vaccines
and
therapeutics.
Here,
we
review
recent
prospective
human
studies
in
at-risk
populations
that
have
provided
insight
into
during
acute
infection,
including
additional
relevant
data
from
non-human
primate
(NHP)
studies.
We
discuss
timing,
nature,
function
of
diverse
induced,
onset
dysfunction,
effects
early
anti-retroviral
therapy
administration.
Treatment
at
viremia
mitigates
peripheral
T
B
cell
limits
seroconversion,
enhances
cellular
antiviral
immunity
despite
persistence
lymphoid
tissues.
highlight
pertinent
areas
for
investigation,
how
application
high-throughput
technologies,
alongside
targeted
NHP
studies,
may
elucidate
response
features
target
novel
preventions
cures.
