Journal of Neuroscience,
Journal Year:
2015,
Volume and Issue:
35(41), P. 13917 - 13926
Published: Oct. 14, 2015
There
have
been
two
recent
revolutionary
advances
in
neuroscience:
First,
genetically
encoded
activity
sensors
brought
the
goal
of
optical
detection
single
action
potentials
vivo
within
reach.
Second,
optogenetic
actuators
now
allow
neurons
to
be
controlled
with
millisecond
precision.
These
revolutions
combined,
together
advanced
microscopies,
“all-optical”
readout
and
manipulation
neural
circuits
single-spike
single-neuron
This
is
a
transformational
advance
that
will
open
new
frontiers
neuroscience
research.
Harnessing
power
light
all-optical
approach
requires
coexpression
probes
same
neurons,
as
well
ability
simultaneously
target
record
from
selected
neurons.
It
has
recently
become
possible
combine
strategies
are
sufficiently
sensitive
cross
talk
free
enable
single-action-potential
sensitivity
precision
for
both
intact
brain.
The
combination
simultaneous
defined
cells
wide
range
experiments
inspire
technologies
interacting
described
this
review
herald
future
where
traditional
tools
used
generations
by
physiologists
study
interact
brain—stimulation
recording
electrodes—can
largely
replaced
light.
We
outline
potential
developments
field
discuss
how
strategy
can
applied
solve
fundamental
problems
neuroscience.
SIGNIFICANCE
STATEMENT
describes
nexus
dramatic
probes,
sensors,
novel
which
recorded
manipulated
entirely
using
protein
engineering
form
basis
single-action
functionally
promise
illuminate
many
challenges
neuroscience,
including
transforming
our
search
code
links
between
circuit
behavior.
Science,
Journal Year:
2018,
Volume and Issue:
359(6376), P. 679 - 684
Published: Feb. 9, 2018
Stimulating
deep
inside
the
brain
Noninvasive
stimulation
is
an
important
goal
in
neuroscience
and
neuroengineering.
Optogenetics
normally
requires
use
of
a
blue
laser
inserted
into
brain.
Chen
et
al.
used
specialized
nanoparticles
that
can
upconvert
near-infrared
light
from
outside
local
emission
(see
Perspective
by
Feliu
).
They
injected
these
ventral
tegmental
area
mouse
activated
channelrhodopsin
expressed
dopaminergic
neurons
with
generated
skull
at
distance
several
millimeters.
This
technique
allowed
distant
to
evoke
fast
increases
dopamine
release.
The
method
was
also
successfully
fear
memories
dentate
gyrus
during
conditioning.
Science
,
this
issue
p.
679
;
see
633
Animals
discriminate
stimuli,
learn
their
predictive
value
and
use
this
knowledge
to
modify
behavior.
In
Drosophila,
the
mushroom
body
(MB)
plays
a
key
role
in
these
processes.
Sensory
stimuli
are
sparsely
represented
by
∼2000
Kenyon
cells,
which
converge
onto
34
output
neurons
(MBONs)
of
21
types.
We
studied
MBONs
several
associative
learning
tasks
sleep
regulation,
revealing
extent
information
flow
is
segregated
into
distinct
channels
suggesting
possible
roles
for
multi-layered
MBON
network.
also
show
that
optogenetic
activation
can,
depending
on
cell
type,
induce
repulsion
or
attraction
flies.
The
behavioral
effects
perturbation
combinatorial,
ensemble
collectively
represents
valence.
propose
local,
stimulus-specific
dopaminergic
modulation
selectively
alters
balance
within
network
those
stimuli.
Our
results
suggest
valence
encoded
biases
memory-based
action
selection.
Science,
Journal Year:
2015,
Volume and Issue:
349(6248), P. 647 - 650
Published: June 26, 2015
Silencing
neurons
using
optogenetics
Rhodopsin
light-sensitive
ion
channels
from
green
algae
provide
a
powerful
tool
to
control
neuronal
circuits.
cation
effectively
depolarize
and
cause
the
firing
of
short-lived
electrical
membrane
potentials.
Govorunova
et
al.
describe
algal
that
do
opposite;
is,
they
hyperpolarize
or
silence
particular
(see
Perspective
by
Berndt
Deisseroth).
These
greater
light
sensitivity
than
existing
hyperpolarizing
light-activated
channels,
operate
rapidly,
selectively
conduct
only
anions.
This
approach
is
an
ideal
complement
widely
used
technique
creating
through
expression
rhodopsin
channels.
Science
,
this
issue
p.
647
;
see
also
590
GigaScience,
Journal Year:
2014,
Volume and Issue:
3(1)
Published: Oct. 27, 2014
The
1,000
plants
(1KP)
project
is
an
international
multi-disciplinary
consortium
that
has
generated
transcriptome
data
from
over
plant
species,
with
exemplars
for
all
of
the
major
lineages
across
Viridiplantae
(green
plants)
clade.
Here,
we
describe
how
to
access
used
in
a
phylogenomics
analysis
first
85
and
visualize
our
gene
species
trees.
Users
can
develop
computational
pipelines
analyse
these
data,
conjunction
their
own
they
upload.
Computationally
estimated
protein-protein
interactions
biochemical
pathways
be
visualized
at
another
site.
Finally,
comment
on
future
plans
fit
within
this
scalable
system
dissemination,
visualization,
large
multi-species
sets.
