Circadian Rhythms and Sleep in Drosophila melanogaster

Genetics, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 205(4), P. 1373 - 1397

Published: March 30, 2017

The advantages of the model organism Drosophila melanogaster, including low genetic redundancy, functional simplicity, and ability to conduct large-scale screens, have been essential for understanding molecular nature circadian (∼24 hr) rhythms, continue be valuable in discovering novel regulators rhythms sleep. In this review, we discuss current these interrelated biological processes wider implications research. Clock genes period timeless were first discovered screens developed 1970s. Feedback on their own transcription forms core clock, accurately timed expression, localization, post-transcriptional modification, function is thought critical maintaining cycle. Regulators, several phosphatases kinases, act different steps feedback loop ensure strong rhythms. Approximately 150 neurons fly brain that contain components clock together translate intracellular cycling into rhythmic behavior. We how groups serve functions allowing clocks entrain environmental cues, driving behavioral outputs at times day, flexible responses conditions. neuropeptide PDF provides an important signal synchronize neurons, although details accomplishes are still being explored. Secreted signals from also influence other tissues. SLEEP is, part, regulated by which ensures appropriate timing sleep, but amount quality sleep determined mechanisms a homeostatic balance between wake. Flies useful identifying large set genes, molecules, neuroanatomic loci regulating amount. Conserved aspects regulation flies mammals include wake-promoting roles catecholamine neurotransmitters involvement hypothalamus-like regions, regions implicated less clear parallels. Sleep subject factors such as food availability, stress, social environment. beginning understand identified molecules interact with each other, environment, regulate researchers can take advantage increasing mechanistic behaviors, learning memory, courtship, aggression, loss impacts behaviors. thus remain tool both discovery deep

Language: Английский

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A connectome of a learning and memory center in the adult Drosophila brain

eLife, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 6

Published: July 18, 2017

Understanding memory formation, storage and retrieval requires knowledge of the underlying neuronal circuits. In Drosophila, mushroom body (MB) is major site associative learning. We reconstructed morphologies synaptic connections all 983 neurons within three functional units, or compartments, that compose adult MB's α lobe, using a dataset isotropic 8 nm voxels collected by focused ion-beam milling scanning electron microscopy. found Kenyon cells (KCs), whose sparse activity encodes sensory information, each make multiple en passant synapses to MB output (MBONs) in compartment. Some MBONs have inputs from KCs, while others differentially sample modalities. Only 6% KC>MBON receive direct synapse dopaminergic neuron (DAN). identified two unanticipated classes synapses, KC>DAN DAN>MBON. DAN activation produces slow depolarization MBON these DAN>MBON can weaken recall.

Language: Английский

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Closed-Loop and Activity-Guided Optogenetic Control

Neuron, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 86(1), P. 106 - 139

Published: April 1, 2015

Language: Английский

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Acute off-target effects of neural circuit manipulations

Nature, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 528(7582), P. 358 - 363

Published: Dec. 1, 2015

Language: Английский

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All-Optical Interrogation of Neural Circuits

Journal of Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 35(41), P. 13917 - 13926

Published: Oct. 14, 2015

There have been two recent revolutionary advances in neuroscience: First, genetically encoded activity sensors brought the goal of optical detection single action potentials vivo within reach. Second, optogenetic actuators now allow neurons to be controlled with millisecond precision. These revolutions combined, together advanced microscopies, “all-optical” readout and manipulation neural circuits single-spike single-neuron This is a transformational advance that will open new frontiers neuroscience research. Harnessing power light all-optical approach requires coexpression probes same neurons, as well ability simultaneously target record from selected neurons. It has recently become possible combine strategies are sufficiently sensitive cross talk free enable single-action-potential sensitivity precision for both intact brain. The combination simultaneous defined cells wide range experiments inspire technologies interacting described this review herald future where traditional tools used generations by physiologists study interact brain—stimulation recording electrodes—can largely replaced light. We outline potential developments field discuss how strategy can applied solve fundamental problems neuroscience. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT describes nexus dramatic probes, sensors, novel which recorded manipulated entirely using protein engineering form basis single-action functionally promise illuminate many challenges neuroscience, including transforming our search code links between circuit behavior.

Language: Английский

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