Journal of Neuroscience,
Journal Year:
2015,
Volume and Issue:
35(41), P. 13917 - 13926
Published: Oct. 14, 2015
There
have
been
two
recent
revolutionary
advances
in
neuroscience:
First,
genetically
encoded
activity
sensors
brought
the
goal
of
optical
detection
single
action
potentials
vivo
within
reach.
Second,
optogenetic
actuators
now
allow
neurons
to
be
controlled
with
millisecond
precision.
These
revolutions
combined,
together
advanced
microscopies,
“all-optical”
readout
and
manipulation
neural
circuits
single-spike
single-neuron
This
is
a
transformational
advance
that
will
open
new
frontiers
neuroscience
research.
Harnessing
power
light
all-optical
approach
requires
coexpression
probes
same
neurons,
as
well
ability
simultaneously
target
record
from
selected
neurons.
It
has
recently
become
possible
combine
strategies
are
sufficiently
sensitive
cross
talk
free
enable
single-action-potential
sensitivity
precision
for
both
intact
brain.
The
combination
simultaneous
defined
cells
wide
range
experiments
inspire
technologies
interacting
described
this
review
herald
future
where
traditional
tools
used
generations
by
physiologists
study
interact
brain—stimulation
recording
electrodes—can
largely
replaced
light.
We
outline
potential
developments
field
discuss
how
strategy
can
applied
solve
fundamental
problems
neuroscience.
SIGNIFICANCE
STATEMENT
describes
nexus
dramatic
probes,
sensors,
novel
which
recorded
manipulated
entirely
using
protein
engineering
form
basis
single-action
functionally
promise
illuminate
many
challenges
neuroscience,
including
transforming
our
search
code
links
between
circuit
behavior.
Genetics,
Journal Year:
2017,
Volume and Issue:
205(4), P. 1373 - 1397
Published: March 30, 2017
The
advantages
of
the
model
organism
Drosophila
melanogaster,
including
low
genetic
redundancy,
functional
simplicity,
and
ability
to
conduct
large-scale
screens,
have
been
essential
for
understanding
molecular
nature
circadian
(∼24
hr)
rhythms,
continue
be
valuable
in
discovering
novel
regulators
rhythms
sleep.
In
this
review,
we
discuss
current
these
interrelated
biological
processes
wider
implications
research.
Clock
genes
period
timeless
were
first
discovered
screens
developed
1970s.
Feedback
on
their
own
transcription
forms
core
clock,
accurately
timed
expression,
localization,
post-transcriptional
modification,
function
is
thought
critical
maintaining
cycle.
Regulators,
several
phosphatases
kinases,
act
different
steps
feedback
loop
ensure
strong
rhythms.
Approximately
150
neurons
fly
brain
that
contain
components
clock
together
translate
intracellular
cycling
into
rhythmic
behavior.
We
how
groups
serve
functions
allowing
clocks
entrain
environmental
cues,
driving
behavioral
outputs
at
times
day,
flexible
responses
conditions.
neuropeptide
PDF
provides
an
important
signal
synchronize
neurons,
although
details
accomplishes
are
still
being
explored.
Secreted
signals
from
also
influence
other
tissues.
SLEEP
is,
part,
regulated
by
which
ensures
appropriate
timing
sleep,
but
amount
quality
sleep
determined
mechanisms
a
homeostatic
balance
between
wake.
Flies
useful
identifying
large
set
genes,
molecules,
neuroanatomic
loci
regulating
amount.
Conserved
aspects
regulation
flies
mammals
include
wake-promoting
roles
catecholamine
neurotransmitters
involvement
hypothalamus-like
regions,
regions
implicated
less
clear
parallels.
Sleep
subject
factors
such
as
food
availability,
stress,
social
environment.
beginning
understand
identified
molecules
interact
with
each
other,
environment,
regulate
researchers
can
take
advantage
increasing
mechanistic
behaviors,
learning
memory,
courtship,
aggression,
loss
impacts
behaviors.
thus
remain
tool
both
discovery
deep
Understanding
memory
formation,
storage
and
retrieval
requires
knowledge
of
the
underlying
neuronal
circuits.
In
Drosophila,
mushroom
body
(MB)
is
major
site
associative
learning.
We
reconstructed
morphologies
synaptic
connections
all
983
neurons
within
three
functional
units,
or
compartments,
that
compose
adult
MB's
α
lobe,
using
a
dataset
isotropic
8
nm
voxels
collected
by
focused
ion-beam
milling
scanning
electron
microscopy.
found
Kenyon
cells
(KCs),
whose
sparse
activity
encodes
sensory
information,
each
make
multiple
en
passant
synapses
to
MB
output
(MBONs)
in
compartment.
Some
MBONs
have
inputs
from
KCs,
while
others
differentially
sample
modalities.
Only
6%
KC>MBON
receive
direct
synapse
dopaminergic
neuron
(DAN).
identified
two
unanticipated
classes
synapses,
KC>DAN
DAN>MBON.
DAN
activation
produces
slow
depolarization
MBON
these
DAN>MBON
can
weaken
recall.
Journal of Neuroscience,
Journal Year:
2015,
Volume and Issue:
35(41), P. 13917 - 13926
Published: Oct. 14, 2015
There
have
been
two
recent
revolutionary
advances
in
neuroscience:
First,
genetically
encoded
activity
sensors
brought
the
goal
of
optical
detection
single
action
potentials
vivo
within
reach.
Second,
optogenetic
actuators
now
allow
neurons
to
be
controlled
with
millisecond
precision.
These
revolutions
combined,
together
advanced
microscopies,
“all-optical”
readout
and
manipulation
neural
circuits
single-spike
single-neuron
This
is
a
transformational
advance
that
will
open
new
frontiers
neuroscience
research.
Harnessing
power
light
all-optical
approach
requires
coexpression
probes
same
neurons,
as
well
ability
simultaneously
target
record
from
selected
neurons.
It
has
recently
become
possible
combine
strategies
are
sufficiently
sensitive
cross
talk
free
enable
single-action-potential
sensitivity
precision
for
both
intact
brain.
The
combination
simultaneous
defined
cells
wide
range
experiments
inspire
technologies
interacting
described
this
review
herald
future
where
traditional
tools
used
generations
by
physiologists
study
interact
brain—stimulation
recording
electrodes—can
largely
replaced
light.
We
outline
potential
developments
field
discuss
how
strategy
can
applied
solve
fundamental
problems
neuroscience.
SIGNIFICANCE
STATEMENT
describes
nexus
dramatic
probes,
sensors,
novel
which
recorded
manipulated
entirely
using
protein
engineering
form
basis
single-action
functionally
promise
illuminate
many
challenges
neuroscience,
including
transforming
our
search
code
links
between
circuit
behavior.