Cancer Research,
Journal Year:
2019,
Volume and Issue:
79(12), P. 3011 - 3027
Published: May 3, 2019
Abstract
Metastasis
is
the
primary
cause
of
cancer
morbidity
and
mortality.
The
process
involves
a
complex
interplay
between
intrinsic
tumor
cell
properties
as
well
interactions
cells
multiple
microenvironments.
outcome
development
nearby
or
distant
discontiguous
secondary
mass.
To
successfully
disseminate,
metastatic
acquire
in
addition
to
those
necessary
become
neoplastic.
Heterogeneity
mechanisms
involved,
routes
dissemination,
redundancy
molecular
pathways
that
can
be
utilized,
ability
piggyback
on
actions
surrounding
stromal
makes
defining
hallmarks
metastasis
extraordinarily
challenging.
Nonetheless,
this
review
identifies
four
distinguishing
features
are
required:
motility
invasion,
modulate
site
local
microenvironments,
plasticity,
colonize
tissues.
By
these
first
principles
metastasis,
we
provide
means
for
focusing
efforts
aspects
will
improve
patient
outcomes.
Nature Communications,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
11(1)
Published: Oct. 9, 2020
Abstract
Tissues
are
dynamically
shaped
by
bidirectional
communication
between
resident
cells
and
the
extracellular
matrix
(ECM)
through
cell-matrix
interactions
ECM
remodelling.
Tumours
leverage
remodelling
to
create
a
microenvironment
that
promotes
tumourigenesis
metastasis.
In
this
review,
we
focus
on
how
tumour
tumour-associated
stromal
deposit,
biochemically
biophysically
modify,
degrade
ECM.
These
tumour-driven
changes
support
growth,
increase
migration
of
cells,
remodel
in
distant
organs
allow
for
metastatic
progression.
A
better
understanding
underlying
mechanisms
tumourigenic
is
crucial
developing
therapeutic
treatments
patients.
Journal of Cellular Physiology,
Journal Year:
2018,
Volume and Issue:
234(6), P. 8509 - 8521
Published: Nov. 22, 2018
CD8+
cytotoxic
T
lymphocytes
(CTLs)
are
preferred
immune
cells
for
targeting
cancer.
During
cancer
progression,
CTLs
encounter
dysfunction
and
exhaustion
due
to
immunerelated
tolerance
immunosuppression
within
the
tumor
microenvironment
(TME),
with
all
favor
adaptive
immune-resistance.
Cancer-associated
fibroblasts
(CAFs),
macrophage
type
2
(M2)
cells,
regulatory
(Tregs)
could
make
immunologic
barriers
against
CD8
+
cell-mediated
antitumor
responses.
Thus,
needed
be
primed
activated
toward
effector
in
a
process
called
immunity
cycle
making
durable
efficient
The
cell
priming
is
directed
essentially
as
corroboration
work
between
of
innate
including
dendritic
(DCs)
natural
killer
(NK)
CD4
adoptive
immunity.
Upon
activation,
infiltrate
core
or
invading
site
(so-called
infiltrated-inflamed
[I-I]
TME)
take
essential
roles
killing
cells.
Exogenous
reactivation
and/or
can
possible
using
rational
immunotherapy
strategies.
increase
ratio
costimulatory
coinhibitory
mediators
checkpoint
blockade
(ICB)
approach.
Programmed
death-1
receptor
(PD-1)-ligand
(PD-L1)
CTL-associated
antigen
4
(CTLA-4)
receptors
that
targeted
relieving
renewing
their
priming,
respectively,
thereby
eliminating
antigen-expressing
Due
diverse
relation
Tregs,
Treg
activity
dampened
increasing
number
rescuing
functional
potential
induce
immunosensitivity
Frontiers in Pharmacology,
Journal Year:
2018,
Volume and Issue:
9
Published: Jan. 22, 2018
Drug
development
is
a
lengthy
and
costly
process
that
proceeds
through
several
stages
from
target
identification
to
lead
discovery
optimization,
preclinical
validation
clinical
trials
culminating
in
approval
for
use.
An
important
step
this
high-throughput
screening
(HTS)
of
small
compound
libraries
identification.
Currently,
the
majority
cell-based
HTS
being
carried
out
on
cultured
cells
propagated
two-dimensions
(2D)
plastic
surfaces
optimized
tissue
culture.
At
same
time,
compelling
evidence
suggests
these
non-physiological
conditions
are
not
representative
residing
complex
microenvironment
tissue.
This
discrepancy
thought
be
significant
contributor
high
failure
rate
drug
discovery,
where
only
low
percentage
drugs
investigated
ever
make
it
gamut
testing
market.
Thus,
three-dimensional
(3D)
cell
culture
technologies
more
closely
resemble
vivo
environments
now
pursued
with
intensity
as
they
expected
accommodate
better
precision
discovery.
Here
we
will
review
common
approaches
3D
culture,
discuss
significance
cultures
resistance
repositioning
address
some
challenges
applying
Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
7
Published: March 6, 2020
Cell
culture
is
an
important
and
necessary
process
in
drug
discovery,
cancer
research,
as
well
stem
cell
research.
Most
cells
are
currently
cultured
using
two-dimensional
(2D)
methods,
but
new
improved
methods
that
implement
three-dimensional
(3D)
techniques
suggest
compelling
evidence
much
more
advanced
experiments
can
be
performed.
When
performing
3D
experiments,
the
environment
manipulated
to
mimic
of
a
vivo
provide
accurate
data
about
cell-to-cell
interactions,
tumor
characteristics,
metabolic
profiling,
other
types
diseases.
Scaffold
based
such
hydrogel-based
support,
polymeric
hard
material-based
hydrophilic
glass
fiber,
organoids
employed,
each
provides
its
own
advantages
applications.
Likewise,
there
also
scaffold-free
used
hanging
drop
microplates,
magnetic
levitation,
spheroid
microplates
with
ultra-low
attachment
coating.
has
potential
alternative
ways
study
organ
behavior
via
use
expected
eventually
bridge
gap
between
2D
animal
models.
The
present
review
compares
culture,
details
surrounding
different
techniques,
focuses
on
future
applications
culture.
