Molecular Neurodegeneration,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
17(1)
Published: Sept. 24, 2022
Abstract
ApoE
is
the
major
lipid
and
cholesterol
carrier
in
CNS.
There
are
three
human
polymorphisms,
apoE2,
apoE3,
apoE4,
genetic
expression
of
APOE4
one
most
influential
risk
factors
for
development
late-onset
Alzheimer's
disease
(AD).
Neuroinflammation
has
become
third
hallmark
AD,
together
with
Amyloid-β
plaques
neurofibrillary
tangles
hyperphosphorylated
aggregated
tau
protein.
This
review
aims
to
broadly
extensively
describe
differential
aspects
concerning
apoE.
Starting
from
evolution
apoE
how
APOE's
single-nucleotide
polymorphisms
affect
its
structure,
function,
involvement
during
health
disease.
reflects
on
impact
critical
AD
pathology,
such
as
neuroinflammatory
response,
particularly
effect
APOE
astrocytic
microglial
function
dynamics,
synaptic
amyloid-β
load,
autophagy,
cell–cell
communication.
We
discuss
affecting
pathology
combined
genotype,
sex,
age,
diet,
physical
exercise,
current
therapies
clinical
trials
field.
The
genotype
other
neurodegenerative
diseases
characterized
by
overt
inflammation,
e.g.,
alpha-
synucleinopathies
Parkinson's
disease,
traumatic
brain
injury,
stroke,
amyotrophic
lateral
sclerosis,
multiple
also
addressed.
Therefore,
this
gathers
relevant
findings
related
up
date
implications
CNS
pathologies
provide
a
deeper
understanding
knowledge
Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
14
Published: Nov. 11, 2020
SARS-CoV-2,
which
causes
the
Coronavirus
Disease
2019
(COVID-19)
pandemic,
has
a
strong
brain
neurotropism
via
binding
to
receptor
angiotensin-converting
enzyme
2
expressed
by
neurones
and
glial
cells,
including
astrocytes
microglia.
Systemic
infection
accompanies
severe
cases
of
COVID-19
also
triggers
substantial
increase
in
circulating
levels
chemokines
interleukins
that
compromise
blood-brain
barrier,
enter
parenchyma
affect
its
defensive
systems,
Brain
areas
devoid
barrier
such
as
circumventricular
organs
are
particularly
vulnerable
inflammatory
mediators.
The
performance
microglia,
well
immune
cells
required
for
health,
is
considered
critical
defining
neurological
damage
outcome
COVID-19.
In
this
review,
we
discuss
implication
neuroinflammation,
adaptive
innate
immunity,
autoimmunity,
astrocytic
microglial
homeostatic
functions
psychiatric
aspects
consequences
SARS-CoV-2
during
ageing,
presence
systemic
comorbidities,
exposed
pregnant
mother
foetus
will
be
specifically
covered.
Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
14
Published: March 25, 2022
Traumatic
brain
injury
(TBI)
is
one
of
the
most
common
diseases
in
central
nervous
system
(CNS)
with
high
mortality
and
morbidity.
Patients
TBI
usually
suffer
many
sequelae
life
time
post
injury,
including
neurodegenerative
disorders
such
as
Alzheimer’s
disease
(AD)
Parkinson’s
(PD).
However,
pathological
mechanisms
connecting
these
two
processes
have
not
yet
been
fully
elucidated.
It
important
to
further
investigate
pathophysiological
underlying
TBI-induced
neurodegeneration,
which
will
promote
development
precise
treatment
target
for
notorious
consequences
after
TBI.
A
growing
body
evidence
shows
that
neuroinflammation
a
pivotal
process
chronic
neurodegeneration
following
Microglia,
immune
cells
CNS,
play
crucial
roles
other
CNS
diseases.
Of
interest,
microglial
activation
functional
alteration
has
proposed
key
mediators
evolution
pathology
Here,
we
review
updated
studies
involving
phenotypical
alterations
microglia
survey
molecules
regulating
activities
responses
pathology,
explore
their
potential
implications
injury.
The
work
give
us
comprehensive
understanding
driving
TBI-related
offer
novel
ideas
developing
corresponding
prevention
strategies
this
disease.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
24(6), P. 5487 - 5487
Published: March 13, 2023
Autism
spectrum
disorder
(ASD)
is
a
neurodevelopmental
(NDD)
characterized
by
impairments
in
social
communication,
repetitive
behaviors,
restricted
interests,
and
hyperesthesia/hypesthesia
caused
genetic
and/or
environmental
factors.
In
recent
years,
inflammation
oxidative
stress
have
been
implicated
the
pathogenesis
of
ASD.
this
review,
we
discuss
pathophysiology
ASD,
particularly
focusing
on
maternal
immune
activation
(MIA).
MIA
one
common
risk
factors
for
onset
ASD
during
pregnancy.
It
induces
an
reaction
pregnant
mother’s
body,
resulting
further
placenta
fetal
brain.
These
negative
cause
developing
brain
subsequently
behavioral
symptoms
offspring.
addition,
also
effects
anti-inflammatory
drugs
antioxidants
basic
studies
animals
clinical
Our
review
provides
latest
findings
new
insights
into
involvements
Cells,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
11(18), P. 2908 - 2908
Published: Sept. 17, 2022
Parkinson's
disease
(PD)
is
the
second
most
prevalent
neurodegenerative
disorder
worldwide.
Clinically,
it
characterized
by
a
progressive
degeneration
of
dopaminergic
neurons
(DAn),
resulting
in
severe
motor
complications.
Preclinical
and
clinical
studies
have
indicated
that
neuroinflammation
can
play
role
PD
pathophysiology,
being
associated
with
its
onset
progression.
Nevertheless,
several
key
points
concerning
neuroinflammatory
process
remain
to
be
answered.
Bearing
this
mind,
present
review,
we
cover
impact
on
exploring
inflammatory
cells
(i.e.,
microglia
astrocytes)
interconnections
between
brain
peripheral
system.
Furthermore,
discuss
both
innate
adaptive
immune
responses
regarding
pathology
explore
gut-brain
axis
communication
influence
progression
disease.
Stroke,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
54(2), P. 605 - 619
Published: Jan. 5, 2023
Hemorrhagic
stroke
is
the
deadliest
form
of
and
includes
subtypes
intracerebral
hemorrhage
subarachnoid
hemorrhage.
A
common
cause
hemorrhagic
in
older
individuals
cerebral
amyloid
angiopathy.
Intracerebral
both
lead
to
rapid
collection
blood
central
nervous
system
generate
inflammatory
immune
responses
that
involve
brain
resident
infiltrating
cells.
These
are
complex
can
contribute
tissue
recovery
injury.
Despite
interconnectedness
these
major
stroke,
few
reviews
have
discussed
them
collectively.
The
present
review
provides
an
update
on
processes
occur
response
hemorrhage,
role
inflammation
pathophysiology
angiopathy-related
goal
highlight
underlie
disease
pathology
recovery.
We
aim
discuss
recent
advances
our
understanding
conditions
identify
gaps
knowledge
with
potential
develop
effective
therapeutic
strategies.
Molecular Psychiatry,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
28(1), P. 96 - 107
Published: Dec. 6, 2022
Microglia
are
resident
immune
cells
in
the
central
nervous
system,
playing
critical
roles
brain
development
and
homeostasis.
Increasing
evidence
has
implicated
microglia
dysfunction
pathogenesis
of
various
disorders
ranging
from
psychiatric
to
neurodegenerative
diseases.
Using
a
human
cell-based
model
illuminate
functional
mechanisms
will
promote
pathological
studies
drug
development.
The
recently
developed
microglia-containing
organoids
(MC-HBOs),
in-vitro
three-dimensional
cell
cultures
that
recapitulate
key
features
brain,
have
provided
new
avenue
pathology.
However,
MC-HBOs
generated
different
methods
differ
origin,
proportion,
fidelity
within
organoids,
may
produced
inconsistent
results.
To
help
researchers
develop
robust
reproducible
recapitulates
in-vivo
signatures
study
pathology,
this
review
summarized
current
used
generate
opinions
on
use
for
disease
modeling
studies.
Nature Aging,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
3(7), P. 894 - 907
Published: May 29, 2023
Abstract
Microglia,
the
innate
immune
cells
of
brain,
influence
Alzheimer’s
disease
(AD)
progression
and
are
potential
therapeutic
targets.
However,
microglia
exhibit
diverse
functions,
regulation
which
is
not
fully
understood,
complicating
therapeutics
development.
To
better
define
transcriptomic
phenotypes
gene
regulatory
networks
associated
with
AD,
we
enriched
for
nuclei
from
12
AD
10
control
human
dorsolateral
prefrontal
cortices
(7
males
15
females,
all
aged
>60
years)
before
single-nucleus
RNA
sequencing.
Here
describe
both
established
previously
unrecognized
microglial
molecular
phenotypes,
inferred
driving
observed
change,
apply
trajectory
analysis
to
reveal
putative
relationships
between
phenotypes.
We
identify
more
prevalent
in
cases
compared
controls.
Further,
heterogeneity
subclusters
expressing
homeostatic
markers.
Our
study
demonstrates
that
deep
profiling
brain
can
provide
insight
into
transcriptional
changes
AD.
