bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory),
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
unknown
Published: Aug. 28, 2024
Abstract
The
medial
prefrontal
cortex
(mPFC)
is
important
for
higher
cognitive
functions,
including
working
memory,
decision
making,
and
emotional
control.
In
vivo
recordings
of
neuronal
activity
in
the
mPFC
have
been
achieved
via
invasive
electrical
optical
approaches.
Here
we
apply
low
three-photon
imaging
mouse
at
unprecedented
depth.
Specifically,
measure
astrocytic
Ca
2+
-transient
parameters
awake
head-fixed
mice
up
to
a
depth
1700
µm.
Furthermore,
longitudinally
record
dendritic
spine
density
(0.41
±0.07
µm
-1
)
deeper
than
1
mm
week.
Using
1650
nm
wavelength
excite
red
fluorescent
microglia,
quantify
their
processes’
motility
(58.9
±2%
turnover
rate)
previously
unreachable
depths
(1100
µm).
We
establish
enabling
glial
with
subcellular
resolution
that
will
pave
way
novel
discoveries
this
brain
region.
Brain Behavior and Immunity,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
117, P. 493 - 509
Published: Feb. 2, 2024
In
the
last
years,
hypothesis
that
elevated
levels
of
proinflammatory
cytokines
contribute
to
pathogenesis
neurodevelopmental
diseases
has
gained
popularity.
IL-1
is
one
main
found
be
in
Autism
spectrum
disorder
(ASD),
a
complex
condition
characterized
by
defects
social
communication
and
cognitive
impairments.
this
study,
we
demonstrate
mice
lacking
signaling
display
autistic-like
associated
with
an
excessive
number
synapses.
We
also
show
microglia
at
early
stages
are
unable
properly
perform
process
synapse
engulfment
activation
mammalian
target
rapamycin
(mTOR)
signaling.
Notably,
even
acute
inhibition
IL-1R1
IL-1Ra
sufficient
enhance
mTOR
reduce
synaptosome
phagocytosis
WT
microglia.
Finally,
treatment
rescues
IL-1R
deficient
mice.
These
data
unveil
exclusive
role
microglial
refinement
via
indicate
novel
mechanism
possibly
involved
disorders
pathway.
Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
161, P. 105686 - 105686
Published: April 22, 2024
Rodents,
along
with
numerous
other
mammals,
heavily
depend
on
olfactory
cues
to
navigate
their
social
interactions.
Processing
of
sensory
inputs
is
mediated
by
conserved
brain
circuits
that
ultimately
trigger
behaviors,
such
as
interactions
and
parental
care.
Although
innate,
parenting
influenced
internal
states,
experience,
genetics,
the
environment,
any
significant
disruption
these
factors
can
impact
circuits.
Here,
we
review
molecular
mechanisms
from
epithelium
central
processing
initiate
behaviors
dysregulations
may
contribute
impairments
in
mouse
models
autism
spectrum
disorders
(ASD).
We
discuss
recent
advances
crucial
role
olfaction
care,
its
consequences
for
interactions,
reciprocal
influence
interaction
ASD.
The Journal of Physiology,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
unknown
Published: Jan. 2, 2025
Abstract
Autism
spectrum
disorder
(ASD)
is
a
prevalent
neurodevelopmental
condition
affecting
substantial
number
of
children
globally,
characterized
by
diverse
aetiologies,
including
genetic
and
environmental
factors.
Emerging
research
suggests
that
neurovascular
dysregulation
during
development
could
significantly
contribute
to
autism.
This
review
synthesizes
the
potential
role
vascular
abnormalities
in
pathogenesis
ASD
explores
insights
from
studies
on
valproic
acid
(VPA)
exposure
neural
tube
development.
VPA,
widely
used
antiepileptic
drug
mood
stabilizer,
crosses
placental
barrier
impacts
developing
fetal
brain.
Studies
indicate
VPA
disrupts
normal
angiogenesis
reducing
expression
levels
endothelial
growth
factor
A
(VEGFA)
its
receptors,
purinergic
signalling,
which
are
crucial
for
both
Such
disruptions
may
lead
neuronal
migration
pathfinding,
potentially
contributing
behavioural
manifestations
ASD.
Thus
despite
relatively
limited
findings,
improper
vascularization
appears
be
ASD,
as
also
suggested
studies.
Integrating
these
insights,
it
hypothesized
factors
should
considered
aetiological
analysis
idiopathic
image
Journal of Clinical Medicine,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
13(7), P. 2067 - 2067
Published: April 2, 2024
Background:
Autism
spectrum
disorder
(ASD)
is
a
complex
neurodevelopmental
condition
characterized
by
social
communication
challenges
and
repetitive
behaviors.
Recent
research
has
increasingly
focused
on
the
genetic
underpinnings
of
ASD,
with
Neurexin
1
(NRXN1)
gene
emerging
as
key
player.
This
comprehensive
systematic
review
elucidates
contribution
NRXN1
variants
in
pathophysiology
ASD.
Methods:
The
protocol
for
this
was
designed
priori
registered
PROSPERO
database
(CRD42023450418).
A
risk
bias
analysis
conducted
using
Joanna
Briggs
Institute
(JBI)
critical
appraisal
tool.
We
examined
various
studies
that
link
disruptions
discussing
both
genotypic
variability
resulting
phenotypic
expressions.
Results:
Within
review,
there
marked
heterogeneity
observed
ASD
manifestations
among
individuals
mutations.
presence
mutations
population
emphasizes
gene’s
role
synaptic
function
neural
connectivity.
Conclusion:
not
only
highlights
but
also
need
further
to
unravel
disorder.
better
knowledge
about
multifaceted
can
provide
crucial
insights
into
neurobiological
foundations
autism
pave
way
novel
therapeutic
strategies.
With
the
acceleration
of
urbanization
process,
psychological,
behavioral
and
biological
studies
on
social
organization
competition
are
boosting.
The
mouse
has
been
recognized
as
valuable
economic
model
animal
for
biomedical
research
in
behaviors,
but
application
reliable,
valid
easily
executable
paradigm
is
still
limited.
Moreover,
discrepant
paradigms
containing
different
competitive
factors
such
muscular
confrontation,
threatening
level,
boldness
or
timidity
tendency
might
lead
to
task-specific
win-or-lose
outcomes
confusing
rankings.
Here,
we
developed
a
convenient
which
contenders
were
pair
mice
eager
take
over
same
food
pellet
hidden
under
movable
block
middle
narrow
chamber
where
they
separated
either
right
left
side.
Our
design
mentality
this
test
(FPCT)
avoids
direct
violent
between
facilitates
expose
psychological
motivation
contenders.
Application
FPCT
combination
with
typically
available
paradigms,
tube
warm
spot
(WST),
discovered
stereotypic
property
competitivity
given
society
males
females
that
raised
an
2–
3-member
cage,
indicating
hierarchical
sense
animals
be
part
comprehensive
identify
self-recognition
individuals
established
society.
More
importantly,
may
largely
facilitate
researches
regarding
due
its
reliability,
validity
easy
operability.
With
the
acceleration
of
urbanization
process,
psychological,
behavioral
and
biological
studies
on
social
organization
competition
are
boosting.
The
mouse
has
been
recognized
as
valuable
economic
model
animal
for
biomedical
research
in
behaviors,
but
application
reliable,
valid
easily
executable
paradigm
is
still
limited.
Moreover,
discrepant
paradigms
containing
different
competitive
factors
such
muscular
confrontation,
threatening
level,
boldness
or
timidity
tendency
might
lead
to
task-specific
win-or-lose
outcomes
confusing
rankings.
Here,
we
developed
a
convenient
which
contenders
were
pair
mice
eager
take
over
same
food
pellet
hidden
under
movable
block
middle
narrow
chamber
where
they
separated
either
right
left
side.
Our
design
mentality
this
test
(FPCT)
avoids
direct
violent
between
facilitates
expose
psychological
motivation
contenders.
Application
FPCT
combination
with
typically
available
paradigms,
tube
warm
spot
(WST),
discovered
stereotypic
property
competitivity
given
society
males
females
that
raised
an
2–
3-member
cage,
indicating
hierarchical
sense
animals
be
part
comprehensive
identify
self-recognition
individuals
established
society.
More
importantly,
may
largely
facilitate
researches
regarding
due
its
reliability,
validity
easy
operability.
Advanced Science,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
unknown
Published: Feb. 14, 2025
Abstract
Social
novelty
is
indispensable
for
a
wide
range
of
social
behaviors.
The
medial
prefrontal
cortex
(mPFC),
along
with
other
information
hubs,
composes
the
foundational
circuitry
novelty.
However,
precise
circuit
mechanisms
that
govern
processing
remain
elusive.
piriform
cortex,
as
largest
olfactory
receives
extensive
innervation
from
top‐down
centers
dictate
behavior.
Here,
it
shown
anterior
(APC)
exhibited
an
increase
in
gamma
event
incidence
during
engagement
male
mice.
In
vivo
electrophysiology
and
fiber
photometry
reveal
APC
pyramidal
neurons
respond
more
intensely
to
novel
mice
than
familiar
ones.
Intriguingly,
silencing
selectively
impairs
processing,
yet
leaves
basic
discrimination
capabilities
intact.
Moreover,
inherits
cues
mPFC
sends
feedback
projections
bulb
(OB)
modulate
These
findings
unveil
APC's
role
extending
well
beyond
olfaction,
encompassing
specialized
function
recognition
