Accounts of Materials Research,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
5(4), P. 438 - 452
Published: March 14, 2024
ConspectusAptamers
are
single-stranded
DNA
or
RNA
molecules
composed
of
15–80
nucleotides,
obtained
from
a
random
oligonucleotide
library
via
the
systematic
evolution
ligands
by
exponential
enrichment
(SELEX)
technology.
They
can
bind
to
wide
range
targets
with
high
binding
affinity
and
specificity
including
metal
ions,
small
molecules,
proteins,
cells,
even
tissues.
When
compared
commonly
used
antibodies,
aptamers
show
better
thermal
stability,
smaller
molecular
weight,
easier
modification,
little
batch-to-batch
variation
chemical
synthesis.
These
unique
merits
position
as
promising
tools
in
biomedical
applications,
spanning
biosensing,
bioimaging,
disease
diagnosis,
targeted
chemotherapy,
cancer
immunotherapy.
However,
chemically
synthesized
oligonucleotides,
would
be
degraded
nucleic
acid
degrading
enzymes
(e.g.,
endonucleases
exonucleases)
presented
blood
circulation,
thereby
reducing
stability
activity.
Another
limitation
is
rapid
clearance
liver
kidneys,
their
circulation
life
bioavailability.
Recent
progress
nanotechnology
has
garnered
global
interest,
emerging
interdisciplinary
applications
across
chemistry,
materials,
biology,
medicine.
The
fundamental
self-assemblies
dynamic
operation
Watson–Crick
base
pairing
assisted
silico
programmable
design.
As
functional
building
blocks,
inherently
enable
great
potential
bioanalysis,
drug
delivery,
Therefore,
aptamer-based
arouse
important
interests
future
research.As
medicine
offered
personalized
precise
diagnostic
therapeutic
solutions,
this
Account,
we
focus
on
research
advancements
leveraging
aptamer
for
medicine,
particularly
our
recent
progress.
Often
referred
bioanalysis
therapeutics.
Thus,
two
parts
discussed
Account:
initially,
discuss
modifications
cyclization
nucleotide
backbone
engineering.
aptamer-tethered
nanostructures
then
were
constructed
cell
identification
bioanalysis.
To
perform
intelligent
detailed
three
formulations
aptamer-involved
computation.
In
last
part,
chemotherapy
Based
covalent
coupling
strategy,
report
series
conjugates.
Similarly,
employing
circular
bivalent
conjugates
discussed.
Next,
molecule
delivery
systems
encounter
challenges
related
insufficient
biological
terms
vulnerability
enzyme
cleavage
short
time
vivo,
nanomedicines
introduced
chemotherapy.
immunotherapy
section
includes
tumor
vaccines,
adoptive
immunotherapy,
immune
checkpoint
blockade.
Finally,
propose
opportunities
bioapplications
nanotechnology.
Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
209, P. 115306 - 115306
Published: April 16, 2024
Cancer
immunotherapy
represents
a
revolutionary
strategy,
leveraging
the
patient's
immune
system
to
inhibit
tumor
growth
and
alleviate
immunosuppressive
effects
of
microenvironment
(TME).
The
recent
emergence
checkpoint
blockade
(ICB)
therapies,
particularly
following
first
approval
cytotoxic
T-lymphocyte-associated
protein
4
(CTLA-4)
inhibitors
like
ipilimumab,
has
led
significant
in
cancer
immunotherapy.
extensive
explorations
on
diverse
antibodies
have
broadened
therapeutic
scope
for
various
malignancies.
However,
clinical
response
these
antibody-based
ICB
therapies
remains
limited,
with
less
than
15%
responsiveness
notable
adverse
some
patients.
This
review
introduces
emerging
strategies
overcome
current
limitations
mainly
focusing
development
small
interfering
ribonucleic
acid
(siRNA)-based
innovative
delivery
systems.
We
firstly
highlight
target
genes
siRNA-based
incorporating
silencing
multiple
boost
anti-tumor
responses.
Subsequently,
we
discuss
improvements
siRNA
systems,
enhanced
by
nanocarriers,
aimed
at
overcoming
siRNA's
challenges
such
as
vulnerability
enzymatic
degradation,
inadequate
pharmacokinetics,
possible
unintended
interactions.
Additionally,
presents
combination
that
integrate
chemotherapy,
phototherapy,
stimulatory
checkpoints,
antibodies,
vaccines.
important
point
is
when
used
therapy,
synergistic
effect
traditional
strengthened,
improving
host
surveillance
outcomes.
Conclusively,
insights
into
effective
immunotherapeutic
based
RNA
interference
(RNAi)
technology
utilizing
nanocarriers
novel
approach
Molecular Cancer,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
23(1)
Published: Sept. 2, 2024
Programmed
death
receptor-1
(PD-1)
and
its
ligand,
programmed
ligand-1
(PD-L1)
are
essential
molecules
that
key
in
modulating
immune
responses.
PD-L1
is
constitutively
expressed
on
various
cells,
epithelial
cancer
where
it
functions
as
a
co-stimulatory
molecule
capable
of
impairing
T-cell
mediated
Upon
binding
to
PD-1
activated
T-cells,
the
PD-1/PD-L1
interaction
triggers
signaling
pathways
can
induce
apoptosis
or
anergy,
thereby
facilitating
escape
tumors.
In
urological
cancers,
including
bladder
(BCa),
renal
cell
carcinoma
(RCC),
prostate
(PCa),
upregulation
has
been
demonstrated.
It
linked
poor
prognosis
enhanced
tumor
evasion.
Recent
studies
have
highlighted
significant
role
axis
mechanisms
cancers.
The
between
T-cells
further
contributes
immunosuppression
by
inhibiting
activation
proliferation.
Clinical
applications
checkpoint
inhibitors
shown
promising
efficacy
treating
advanced
significantly
improving
patient
outcomes.
However,
resistance
these
therapies,
either
intrinsic
acquired,
remains
challenge.
This
review
aims
provide
comprehensive
overview
pathway
We
summarize
regulatory
mechanism
underlying
expression
activity,
genetic,
epigenetic,
post-transcriptional,
post-translational
modifications.
Additionally,
we
discuss
current
clinical
research
inhibitors,
their
therapeutic
potential,
challenges
associated
with
resistance.
Understanding
crucial
for
developing
new
strategies
overcome
limitations
enhance
immunotherapy.
Nano Letters,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
24(12), P. 3801 - 3810
Published: March 13, 2024
The
effectiveness
of
various
cancer
therapies
for
solid
tumors
is
substantially
limited
by
the
highly
hypoxic
tumor
microenvironment
(TME).
Here,
a
microalgae-integrated
living
hydrogel
(ACG
gel)
developed
to
concurrently
enhance
hypoxia-constrained
starvation
therapy
and
immunotherapy.
ACG
gel
formed
in
situ
following
intratumoral
injection
biohybrid
fluid
composed
alginate,
Chlorella
sorokiniana,
glucose
oxidase,
facilitated
crossing-linking
between
divalent
ions
within
alginate.
microalgae
sorokiniana
embedded
generate
abundant
oxygen
through
photosynthesis,
enhancing
oxidase-catalyzed
consumption
shifting
TME
from
immunosuppressive
immunopermissive
status,
thus
reducing
cell
energy
supply
boosting
antitumor
immunity.
In
murine
4T1
models,
significantly
suppresses
growth
effectively
prevents
postoperative
recurrence.
This
study,
leveraging
as
natural
oxygenerators,
provides
versatile
universal
strategy
development
oxygen-dependent
therapies.
Current Oncology,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
31(7), P. 3826 - 3844
Published: July 1, 2024
The
tumor
microenvironment
(TME)
in
ovarian
cancer
(OC)
has
much
greater
complexity
than
previously
understood.
In
response
to
aggressive
pro-angiogenic
stimulus,
blood
vessels
form
rapidly
and
are
dysfunctional,
resulting
poor
perfusion,
tissue
hypoxia,
leakiness,
which
leads
increased
interstitial
fluid
pressure
(IFP).
Decreased
perfusion
high
IFP
significantly
inhibit
the
uptake
of
therapies
into
tumor.
Within
TME,
there
numerous
inhibitor
cells,
such
as
myeloid-derived
suppressor
cells
(MDSCs),
association
macrophages
(TAMs),
regulatory
T
(Tregs),
cancer-associated
fibroblasts
(CAFs)
that
secrete
numbers
immunosuppressive
cytokines.
This
environment
is
thought
contribute
lack
success
immunotherapies
immune
checkpoint
(ICI)
treatment.
review
discusses
components
TME
OC,
how
these
characteristics
impede
therapeutic
efficacy,
some
strategies
alleviate
this
inhibition.
Trends in cancer,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
10(10), P. 893 - 919
Published: Aug. 30, 2024
Bispecific
antibodies
(bsAbs)
are
engineered
molecules
designed
to
target
two
different
epitopes
or
antigens.
The
mechanism
of
action
is
determined
by
the
bsAb
molecular
targets
and
structure
(or
format),
which
can
be
manipulated
create
variable
novel
functionalities,
including
linking
immune
cells
with
tumor
cells,
dual
signaling
pathway
blockade.
Several
bsAbs
have
already
changed
treatment
landscape
hematological
malignancies
select
solid
cancers.
However,
mechanisms
resistance
these
agents
understudied
management
toxicities
remains
challenging.
Herein,
we
review
principles
in
engineering,
current
understanding
resistance,
data
for
clinical
application,
provide
a
perspective
on
ongoing
challenges
future
developments
this
field.