Environmental, Economic, and Social Consequences of the Oil Palm Boom

Annual Review of Resource Economics, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 12(1), P. 321 - 344

Published: May 19, 2020

Rising global demand for vegetable oil during the last few decades has led to a drastic increase in land area under palm. Especially Southeast Asia, palm boom contributed economic growth, but it also spurred criticism about negative environmental and social effects. Here, we discuss production consumption trends review environmental, economic, consequences different parts of world. The expansion tropical deforestation associated losses biodiversity ecosystem functions. Simultaneously, increased incomes, generated employment, reduced poverty among farm nonfarm households. Around 50% worldwide is managed by smallholders. Sustainability trade-offs between preserving public goods private benefits need be reduced. We policy implications related productivity rainforest protection, mosaic landscapes, property rights, sustainability certification, smallholder inclusion, others.

Language: Английский

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Historical CO<sub>2</sub> emissions from land use and land cover change and their uncertainty

Biogeosciences, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 17(15), P. 4075 - 4101

Published: Aug. 13, 2020

Abstract. Emissions from land use and cover change are a key component of the global carbon cycle. However, models required to disentangle these emissions sink, as only sum both can be physically observed. Their assessment within yearly community-wide effort known “Global Carbon Budget” remains major difficulty, because it combines two lines evidence that inherently inconsistent: bookkeeping dynamic vegetation models. Here, we propose unifying approach relies on model, which embeds processes parameters calibrated models, an empirical constraint. We estimate CO2 were 1.36±0.42 PgC yr−1 (1σ range) average over 2009–2018 period reached cumulative total 206±57 1750–2018 period. also induced loss additional sink capacity – is, foregone removal, not part 0.68±0.57 32±23 same periods, respectively. Additionally, provide breakdown our results' uncertainty, including aspects such data sets used input model's biogeochemical parameters. find uncertainty dominates regional estimates with exception tropical regions in dominates. Our analysis further identifies sources suggests ways strengthen robustness future Global Budget estimates.

Language: Английский

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The Ecology of Tropical East Asia

Oxford University Press eBooks, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: June 27, 2019

Abstract Tropical East Asia is home to over 1 billion people and faces massive human impacts from its rising population rapid economic growth. It has already lost more than half of forest cover the highest rates deforestation logging in tropics. Hunting trade wildlife products threaten all large many smaller vertebrates. Despite these problems, region still supports an estimated 15–25 per cent global terrestrial biodiversity thus a key focus for conservation. This book therefore deals with plants, animals, ecosystems they inhabit, as well diverse threats their survival options provides background knowledge region’s ecology needed by both specialists non-specialists put own work into broader context. The first edition was describe entire Asian tropics subtropics, southern China western Indonesia, second extended coverage include very similar Northeast India, Bangladesh, Bhutan. third updates contents gives prominence Anthropocene possible conservation responses. accessible style, comprehensive coverage, engaging illustrations make this advanced textbook essential read senior undergraduate graduate-level students studying tropics, authoritative reference professional ecologists, conservationists, interested amateurs worldwide.

Language: Английский

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Global increase in biomass carbon stock dominated by growth of northern young forests over past decade

Nature Geoscience, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 16(10), P. 886 - 892

Published: Oct. 1, 2023

Language: Английский

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Oil palm biomass in Indonesia: Thermochemical upgrading and its utilization

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 176, P. 113193 - 113193

Published: Jan. 30, 2023

Indonesia is the world's largest palm oil producing country. The industry (plantation and milling) generates large amounts of solid waste in form empty fruit bunches (EFB), kernel shells (PKS), mesocarp fiber (MF), fronds (OPF), trunks (OPT). This leftover waste, collectively termed biomass (OPB), causes severe environmental pollution, thereby threatening sustainability industry. Upgrading OPB by thermochemical processes (torrefaction pyrolysis) has attracted significant interest as a means recycling residues mitigating damage. study reviews previous research on environment-friendly utilization Indonesia. First, general information presented (availability, properties, governmental policy). Second, torrefaction for production upgraded fuel summarized. Third, pyrolysis to produce biochar reviewed use soil amendment carbon storage. market perspective life cycle assessment (LCA) thermally treated are discussed, targeting generation electricity (OPB torrefaction) agricultural enhancement biochar). expected contribute economic success also net-zero 2060

Language: Английский

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Rainforest transformation reallocates energy from green to brown food webs

Nature, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 627(8002), P. 116 - 122

Published: Feb. 14, 2024

Abstract Terrestrial animal biodiversity is increasingly being lost because of land-use change 1,2 . However, functional and energetic consequences aboveground belowground across trophic levels in megadiverse tropical ecosystems remain largely unknown. To fill this gap, we assessed changes energy fluxes ‘green’ (canopy arthropods birds) ‘brown’ (soil earthworms) food webs rainforests plantations Sumatra, Indonesia. Our results showed that most the channelled to web. Oil palm rubber had similar or, case agroforest, higher total compared rainforest but key nodes were distinctly different: more than 90% flux was by soil canopy, whereas 50% allocated annelids (earthworms). Land-use led a consistent decline multitrophic aboveground, responded with reduced levels, down −90%, shifts from slow (fungal) fast (bacterial) channels faeces production towards consumption organic matter. This coincides previously reported carbon stock depletion 3 Here show well-documented declines 4–6 are associated vast restructuring ecosystem compartments.

Language: Английский

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Soil organic matter, nitrogen and pH driven change in bacterial community following forest conversion

Forest Ecology and Management, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 477, P. 118473 - 118473

Published: Aug. 11, 2020

Language: Английский

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Understory Vegetation in Oil Palm Plantations Benefits Soil Biodiversity and Decomposition Rates

Frontiers in Forests and Global Change, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 1

Published: Dec. 14, 2018

Oil palm is the most productive oil crop per unit area and crucial to economy of developing countries such as Malaysia Indonesia. However, it also highly controversial due impact has on biodiversity. Inputs herbicides control understory vegetation in plantations are high, which likely harm native biodiversity, but may be unnecessary protecting yield. In this study we investigate effects manipulation using soil fauna, litter decomposition rates abiotic variables: pH, organic carbon, water content, nitrogen, carbon/nitrogen ratio, potassium phosphorous. Understory was manipulated three treatments: enhanced (no herbicides), normal (intermediate herbicide use) reduced treatments (heavy use). Two years after treatment, macrofauna diversity higher than treatment. Furthermore, both abundance By contrast, fertility did not change between treatments, perhaps indicating there little competition palms vegetation. The reduction use should encouraged plantations, will only reduce plantation costs, improve biodiversity ecosystem functioning.

Language: Английский

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Oleogelation: From Scientific Feasibility to Applicability in Food Products

European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 122(12)

Published: Sept. 30, 2020

Abstract Oleogels offer the possibility to replace conventional saturated fatty acid (SAFA)‐based lipids with a healthier alternative by immobilizing liquid edible oils in 3D‐network which is provided an oleogelator. Numerous molecules can structure rich (poly)unsaturated acids have been identified. These differ greatly their chemical composition, network formation, and interactions thus macroscopic properties of respective oleogels. focal point food research for over 20 years, yet product applications are lacking. Hence, question arises whether application oleogels unfeasible or if science lost sight its objective. This review aims assess different structuring systems concerning availability, potential utilization products and, possible, prices. Moreover, recent studies comprising reviewed special emphasis on state function lipid phase during processing final product. Therefore, physical preparation methods need be considered connection application. Finally, it discussed justified these advantageous comparison oil. Practical Applications : A diet mono‐and polyunsaturated make up majority lowers risk suffer from cardiovascular diseases. Unfortunately, cannot provide texture native state. Oleogelation has deliver solid necessary numerous transferring oil essential into solid‐like structure. Besides, nutritional value remains practically unchanged. Although oleogelation objective various groups more than scarce. stimulate mindfulness successful products. hopefully enables better between industry.

Language: Английский

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Forest conversion to plantations: A meta‐analysis of consequences for soil and microbial properties and functions

Global Change Biology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 27(21), P. 5643 - 5656

Published: Aug. 24, 2021

Primary or secondary forests around the world are increasingly being converted into plantations. Soil microorganisms critical for all biogeochemical processes in ecosystems, but effects of forest conversion on microbial communities and their functioning remain unclear. Here, we conducted a meta-analysis to quantify impacts that converting plantations has soil as well associated plant properties. We collected 524 paired observations from 138 studies globally. found leads broad range adverse soils microorganisms, including organic carbon (-24%), total nitrogen (-29%), bacterial fungal biomass (-36% -42%, respectively), (MBC, -31%) (-33%), fungi bacteria ratio (F:B, -16%). In addition, MBC C (qMBC, -20%), respiration (-18%), N mineralization enzyme activities β-1,4-glucosidase (-54%), β-1,4-N-acetylglucosaminidase (-39%), acid phosphatase (ACP; -34%). contrast, increases richness (+21%) metabolic quotient (qCO2 , +21%). The were consistent across stand ages, types, climate zone. contents C:N main factors responsible changes C, F:B, richness. responses qCO2 mineralization, ACP activity mainly driven by reductions MBC, C:N. Applying macro-ecology theory ecosystem disturbance ecology, show groups shifted K r strategists after Our underlines natural functioning, suggests preservation functions should be consideration management practices.

Language: Английский

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