Pathogens and Immunity,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
9(1)
Published: May 24, 2024
It
is
widely
acknowledged
that
HIV
infection
results
in
disruption
of
the
gut’s
mucosal
integrity
partly
due
a
profound
loss
gastrointestinal
CD4+
T
cells
are
targets
virus.
In
addition,
systemic
inflammation
and
immune
activation
drive
disease
pathogenesis
reduced
but
not
normalized
by
antiretroviral
therapy
(ART).
has
long
been
postulated
through
process
microbial
translocation,
gut
microbiome
acts
as
key
driver
recovery
infection.
As
such,
many
studies
have
aimed
at
characterizing
microbiota
order
to
unravel
its
influence
people
with
reported
an
association
between
various
bacterial
taxa
inflammation.
This
review
assesses
both
contradictory
consistent
findings
among
several
clarify
overall
mechanisms
which
adults
may
Independently
microbiome,
observations
made
from
analysis
products
blood
provide
direct
insight
into
how
translocated
recovery.
To
help
better
understand
strengths
limitations
reported,
this
also
highlights
numerous
factors
can
studies,
be
they
experimental
methodologies,
host-intrinsic
or
host-extrinsic
factors.
Altogether,
fuller
understanding
interplay
immunity
contribute
preventive
therapeutic
approaches.
Viruses,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
14(5), P. 950 - 950
Published: May 1, 2022
Viral
infections
are
influenced
by
various
microorganisms
in
the
environment
surrounding
target
tissue,
and
correlation
between
type
balance
of
commensal
microbiota
is
key
to
establishment
infection
pathogenicity.
Some
known
resist
or
promote
viral
infection,
while
others
involved
It
also
becoming
evident
that
profile
under
normal
conditions
influences
progression
diseases.
Thus,
understand
pathogenesis
underlying
infections,
it
important
elucidate
interactions
among
viruses,
tissues,
environment,
including
microbiota,
which
should
have
different
relationships
with
each
virus.
In
this
review,
we
outline
role
infections.
Particularly,
focus
on
gaining
an
in-depth
understanding
correlations
gut
virome,
discussing
impact
changes
(dysbiosis)
pathological
Metabolites,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
12(9), P. 834 - 834
Published: Sept. 3, 2022
The
trillions
of
commensal
microorganisms
comprising
the
gut
microbiota
have
received
growing
attention
owing
to
their
impact
on
host
physiology.
Recent
advances
in
our
understandings
host–microbiota
crosstalk
support
a
pivotal
role
microbiota-derived
metabolites
various
physiological
processes,
as
they
serve
messengers
complex
dialogue
between
commensals
and
immune
endocrine
cells.
In
this
review,
we
highlight
importance
tryptophan-derived
physiology,
summarize
recent
findings
tryptophan
catabolites
preserving
intestinal
homeostasis
fine-tuning
metabolic
responses.
Furthermore,
discuss
latest
evidence
effects
microbial
catabolites,
describe
mechanisms
action,
how
perturbations
metabolism
may
affect
course
extraintestinal
disorders,
including
inflammatory
bowel
diseases,
chronic
kidney
cardiovascular
diseases.
Cell Reports,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
42(11), P. 113336 - 113336
Published: Nov. 1, 2023
Antiretroviral
therapy
(ART)
has
dramatically
lengthened
lifespan
among
people
with
HIV
(PWH),
but
this
population
experiences
heightened
rates
of
inflammation-related
comorbidities.
HIV-associated
inflammation
is
linked
an
altered
microbiome;
whether
such
alterations
precede
comorbidities
or
occur
as
their
consequence
remains
unknown.
We
find
that
ART-treated
PWH
exhibit
depletion
gut-resident
bacteria
produce
short-chain
fatty
acids
(SCFAs)-crucial
microbial
metabolites
anti-inflammatory
properties.
Prior
reports
establish
fecal
SCFA
concentrations
are
not
depleted
in
PWH.
gut-microbiota-mediated
production
capacity
better
reflected
serum
than
feces
and
reduced
SCFA,
which
associates
inflammatory
markers.
Leveraging
stool
samples
collected
prior
to
comorbidity
onset,
we
HIV-specific
microbiome
morbidity
mortality
Among
these
alterations,
microbiome-mediated
conversion
lactate
propionate
precedes
Thus,
gut
fiber/lactate
SCFAs
may
modulate
risk.
Microbiome,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
12(1)
Published: Feb. 3, 2024
The
widespread
availability
of
antiretroviral
therapy
(ART)
has
dramatically
reduced
mortality
and
improved
life
expectancy
for
people
living
with
HIV
(PLWH).
However,
even
HIV-1
suppression,
chronic
immune
activation
elevated
inflammation
persist
have
been
linked
to
a
pro-inflammatory
gut
microbiome
composition
compromised
intestinal
barrier
integrity.
PLWH
in
urban
versus
rural
areas
sub-Saharan
Africa
experience
differences
environmental
factors
that
may
impact
the
system,
response
ART,
yet
this
not
previously
investigated
these
groups.
To
address
this,
we
measured
T
cell
activation/exhaustion/trafficking
markers,
plasma
inflammatory
fecal
healthy
participants
recruited
from
an
clinic
city
Harare,
Zimbabwe,
district
hospital
services
surrounding
villages.
were
either
ART
naïve
at
baseline
sampled
again
after
24
weeks
first-line
antibiotic
cotrimoxazole
or
ART-experienced
both
timepoints.
Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
21(6), P. 377 - 405
Published: May 19, 2024
The
ability
to
experience
pleasurable
sexual
activity
is
important
for
human
health.
Receptive
anal
intercourse
(RAI)
a
common,
though
frequently
stigmatized,
activity.
Little
known
about
how
diseases
of
the
colon,
rectum,
and
anus
their
treatments
affect
RAI.
Engaging
in
RAI
with
gastrointestinal
disease
can
be
difficult
due
unpredictability
symptoms
treatment-related
toxic
effects.
Patients
might
sphincter
hypertonicity,
symptom-specific
anxiety,
altered
pelvic
blood
flow
from
structural
disorders,
decreased
sensation
cancer-directed
therapies
or
body
image
issues
stoma
creation.
These
result
problematic
—
encompassing
anodyspareunia
(painful
RAI),
arousal
dysfunction,
orgasm
dysfunction
desire.
Therapeutic
strategies
patients
living
and/or
include
floor
muscle
strengthening
stretching,
psychological
interventions,
restorative
devices.
Providing
health-care
professionals
framework
discuss
diagnose
help
improve
patient
outcomes.
Normalizing
RAI,
affirming
pleasure
acknowledging
that
system
involved
pleasure,
function
health
will
transform
scientific
paradigm
one
more
just
equitable.
an
consideration
disorders
cancers.
This
Review
discusses
anorectum
as
organ,
providing
overview
itself
associated
(such
surgery)
Strategies
manage
are
also
described.
HIV Medicine,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
21(S3), P. 2 - 16
Published: Oct. 1, 2020
Objectives
This
paper
aims
to
address
the
concerns
around
ongoing
immune
activation,
inflammation,
and
resistance
in
those
ageing
with
HIV
that
represent
current
challenges
for
clinicians.
Methods
Presentations
at
a
symposium
addressing
issues
of
infection
were
reviewed
synthesised.
Results
The
changing
natural
history
demographics
human
immunodeficiency
virus
(HIV)‐infected
individuals
means
new
contemporary
management.
In
early
years
epidemic,management
was
focussed
on
acute,
potentially
life‐threatening
AIDS‐related
complications.
From
initial
monotherapy
first‐generation
antiretroviral
therapy
(ART),
development
combination
highly
active
ART
(HAART)
allowed
control
but
toxicities,
treatment
adherence
drug
emerged
as
major
issues.
Today,
availability
potent
tolerable
has
made
viral
suppression
achievable
most
people
living
(PLHIV),
clinicians
are
confronted
managing
chronic
condition
among
an
population.
diseases
co‐morbidities
associated
HIV‐infection,
even
when
well
controlled,
results
complex
set
many
older
PLHIV.
There
is
growing
appreciation
non‐AIDS‐related
caused,
least
part,
by
persistent,
low‐grade
hypercoagulability,
despite
suppressive
ART.
Conclusions
order
further
improve
management,
it
important
understand
enduring
effects
chronically
suppressed
infection,
potential
contribution
these
factors
process,
possibility
resistance,
impact
different
strategies,
including
initiation.
Open Forum Infectious Diseases,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
7(9)
Published: Aug. 8, 2020
People
with
HIV
(PWH)
taking
antiretroviral
therapy
(ART)
may
experience
weight
gain,
dyslipidemia,
increased
risk
of
non-AIDS
comorbidities,
and
long-term
alteration
the
gut
microbiota.
Both
low
CD4/CD8
ratio
chronic
inflammation
have
been
associated
changes
in
microbiota
PWH.
The
antidiabetic
drug
metformin
has
shown
to
improve
composition
while
decreasing
diabetes
polycystic
ovary
syndrome.
Nevertheless,
it
remains
unknown
whether
benefit
PWH
receiving
ART,
especially
those
a
ratio.In
Lilac
pilot
trial,
we
recruited
23
nondiabetic
ART
for
more
than
2
years
(<0.7).
Blood
stool
samples
were
collected
during
study
visits
at
baseline,
after
12-week
treatment,
12
weeks
discontinuation.
Microbiota
was
analyzed
by
16S
rDNA
gene
sequencing,
markers
assessed
plasma.Metformin
decreased
PWH,
loss
inversely
correlated
plasma
levels
satiety
factor
GDF-15.
Furthermore,
changed
increasing
abundance
anti-inflammatory
bacteria
such
as
butyrate-producing
species
protective
Akkermansia
muciniphila.Our
provides
first
evidence
that
treatment
favored
ART-treated
Larger
randomized
placebo-controlled
clinical
trials
longer
will
be
needed
further
investigate
role
reducing
comorbidities
Genome biology,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
23(1)
Published: Feb. 23, 2022
Gut
microbial
alteration
is
implicated
in
inflammatory
bowel
disease
but
noted
other
diseases.
Systematic
comparison
to
define
similarities
and
specificities
hampered
since
most
studies
focus
on
a
single
disease.
Microorganisms,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
11(4), P. 951 - 951
Published: April 6, 2023
Antiretroviral
therapies
(ART)
are
strongly
associated
with
weight
gain
and
metabolic
syndrome
(MetS)
development
in
HIV-infected
patients.
Few
studies
have
evaluated
the
association
between
gut
microbiota
integrase
strand
transfer
inhibitor
(INSTI)-based
protease
(PI)-based
regimens
patients
MetS.
To
assess
this,
fecal
samples
were
obtained
from
treated
different
(16
PI
+
MetS
or
30
INSTI
MetS)
18
healthy
controls
(HCs).
The
microbial
composition
was
characterized
using
16S
rRNA
amplicon
sequencing.
INSTI-based
PI-based
a
significant
decrease
α-diversity
compared
to
HCs.
group
showed
lowest
both
regimens.
A
increase
abundance
of
short-chain
fatty
acid
(SCFA)-producing
genera
(Roseburia,
Dorea,
Ruminococcus
torques,
Coprococcus)
observed
group,
while
Prevotella,
Fusobacterium,
Succinivibrio
significantly
increased
group.
Moreover,
Proteobacteria/Firmicutes
ratio
overrepresented,
functional
pathways
related
biosynthesis
LPS
components
receiving
INSTIs
more
pronounced
dysbiosis
orchestrated
by
decreased
bacterial
richness
diversity,
an
almost
complete
absence
SCFA-producing
bacteria
alterations
pathways.
These
findings
not
been
previously
observed.