The origins of COVID‐19 pandemic: A brief overview DOI Open Access

Ying‐Jian Hao,

Yulan Wang,

Mei‐Yue Wang

et al.

Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 69(6), P. 3181 - 3197

Published: Oct. 11, 2022

The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak that emerged at the end of 2019 has now swept world for more than 2 years, causing immeasurable damage to lives and economies world. It drawn so much attention discovering how severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-2) originated entered human body. current argument revolves around two contradictory theories: a scenario laboratory spillover events contact with zoonotic diseases. Here, we reviewed transmission, pathogenesis, possible hosts, as well genome protein structure SARS-CoV-2, which play key roles in COVID-19 pandemic. We believe was originally transmitted by animals rather leak. However, there still needs investigations determine source Understanding is vital developing global strategies mitigating future outbreaks.

Language: Английский

Receptor binding and complex structures of human ACE2 to spike RBD from omicron and delta SARS-CoV-2 DOI Creative Commons
Pengcheng Han, Linjie Li, Sheng Liu

et al.

Cell, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 185(4), P. 630 - 640.e10

Published: Jan. 6, 2022

Language: Английский

Citations

455
Shifting mutational constraints in the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain during viral evolution DOI Creative Commons
Tyler N. Starr, Allison J. Greaney, William W. Hannon

et al.

Science, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 377(6604), P. 420 - 424

Published: June 28, 2022

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has evolved variants with substitutions in the spike receptor-binding domain (RBD) that affect its affinity for angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE2) receptor and recognition by antibodies. These could also shape future evolution modulating effects of mutations at other sites-a phenomenon called epistasis. To investigate this possibility, we performed deep mutational scans to measure on ACE2 binding all single-amino acid Wuhan-Hu-1, Alpha, Beta, Delta, Eta variant RBDs. Some substitutions, most prominently Asn

Language: Английский

Citations

246
Divergent SARS-CoV-2 variant emerges in white-tailed deer with deer-to-human transmission DOI Creative Commons
Bradley Pickering, Oliver Lung, Finlay Maguire

et al.

Nature Microbiology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 7(12), P. 2011 - 2024

Published: Nov. 10, 2022

Wildlife reservoirs of broad-host-range viruses have the potential to enable evolution viral variants that can emerge infect humans. In North America, there is phylogenomic evidence continual transmission severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) from humans white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) through unknown means, but no We carried out an observational surveillance study in Ontario, Canada during November and December 2021 (n = 300 deer) identified a highly divergent lineage SARS-CoV-2 (B.1.641). This one most lineages so far, with 76 mutations (including 37 previously associated non-human mammalian hosts). From set five complete two partial deer-derived genomes we applied phylogenomic, recombination, selection mutation spectrum analyses, which provided for shared ancestry mink-derived virus. Our analysis also revealed epidemiologically linked human infection. Taken together, our findings provide sustained deer-to-human transmission.

Language: Английский

Citations

183
Omicron SARS-CoV-2 mutations stabilize spike up-RBD conformation and lead to a non-RBM-binding monoclonal antibody escape DOI Creative Commons
Zhennan Zhao,

Jingya Zhou,

Mingxiong Tian

et al.

Nature Communications, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 13(1)

Published: Aug. 24, 2022

Omicron SARS-CoV-2 is rapidly spreading worldwide. To delineate the impact of emerging mutations on spike's properties, we performed systematic structural analyses apo spike and its complexes with human ACE2 or S309 neutralizing antibody (NAb) by cryo-EM. The preferentially adopts one-RBD-up conformation both before after binding, which in sharp contrast to orchestrated conformational changes create more up-RBDs upon binding as observed prototype other four variants concern (VOCs). Furthermore, found that S371L, S373P S375F substitutions enhance stability prevent exposing triggered binding. increased restricts accessibility S304 NAb, targets a cryptic epitope closed conformation, thus facilitating immune evasion Omicron. These results expand our understanding receptor mechanism.

Language: Английский

Citations

121
Deep mutational learning predicts ACE2 binding and antibody escape to combinatorial mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain DOI Creative Commons
Joseph M. Taft, Cédric R. Weber, Beichen Gao

et al.

Cell, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 185(21), P. 4008 - 4022.e14

Published: Aug. 31, 2022

The continual evolution of SARS-CoV-2 and the emergence variants that show resistance to vaccines neutralizing antibodies threaten prolong COVID-19 pandemic. Selection are driven in part by mutations within viral spike protein particular ACE2 receptor-binding domain (RBD), a primary target site for antibodies. Here, we develop deep mutational learning (DML), machine-learning-guided engineering technology, which is used investigate massive sequence space combinatorial mutations, representing billions RBD variants, accurately predicting their impact on binding antibody escape. A highly diverse landscape possible identified could emerge from multitude evolutionary trajectories. DML may be predictive profiling current prospective including mutated such as Omicron, thus guiding development therapeutic treatments COVID-19.

Language: Английский

Citations

84
Charge Matters: Mutations in Omicron Variant Favor Binding to Cells DOI Creative Commons
Chuanxiong Nie, Anil Kumar Sahoo, Roland R. Netz

et al.

ChemBioChem, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 23(6)

Published: Jan. 12, 2022

Abstract Evidence is strengthening to suggest that the novel SARS‐CoV‐2 mutant Omicron, with its more than 60 mutations, will spread and dominate worldwide. Although mutations in spike protein are known, molecular basis for why additional have not previously occurred account Omicron's higher infection potential, understood. We propose, based on chemical rational dynamics simulations, elevated occurrence of positively charged amino acids certain domains (Delta: +4; Omicron: +5 vs. wild type) increases binding cellular polyanionic receptors, such as heparan sulfate due multivalent charge‐charge interactions. This observation a starting point targeted drug development.

Language: Английский

Citations

82
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2—at the heart of the COVID-19 pandemic DOI Creative Commons
Gavin Y. Oudit, Kaiming Wang, Anissa Viveiros

et al.

Cell, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 186(5), P. 906 - 922

Published: Feb. 2, 2023

ACE2 is the indispensable entry receptor for SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. Because of COVID-19 pandemic, it has become one most therapeutically targeted human molecules in biomedicine. serves two fundamental physiological roles: as an enzyme, alters peptide cascade balance; a chaperone, controls intestinal amino acid uptake. ACE2's tissue distribution, affected by co-morbidities sex, explains broad tropism coronaviruses clinical manifestations SARS COVID-19. ACE2-based therapeutics provide universal strategy to prevent treat SARS-CoV-2 infections, applicable all variants other emerging zoonotic exploiting their cellular receptor.

Language: Английский

Citations

80
Emerging evidence on Omicron (B.1.1.529) SARS‐CoV‐2 variant DOI
Vineet Sharma, Himanshu Rai, Dev Nath Singh Gautam

et al.

Journal of Medical Virology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 94(5), P. 1876 - 1885

Published: Jan. 27, 2022

COVID's Omicron variant has sparked a slew of concerns across the globe. This review aims to provide brief overview what we know about right now. The new been discovered in 149 countries all six World Health Organization (WHO) regions since its discovery South Africa on November 24, 2021 and became dominant country less than 3 weeks. WHO warned that B.1.1.529 is spreading at an unprecedented rate, urged prepare for worst. Over course this time, researchers from around world have uncovered wealth information virus's epidemiology biological properties. Case numbers are increasing exponentially hard-hit areas such as Africa, United Kingdom, USA (overtaking delta variant), implying highly transmissible. Initial research provided some insights into efficacy vaccines against whether it produces major illness, however, much remains unknown, additional work needed investigate initial reports represent real-world situations.

Language: Английский

Citations

78
Human serum from SARS-CoV-2-vaccinated and COVID-19 patients shows reduced binding to the RBD of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant DOI Creative Commons
Maren Schubert, Federico Bertoglio, Stephan Steinke

et al.

BMC Medicine, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 20(1)

Published: March 3, 2022

The COVID-19 pandemic is caused by the betacoronavirus SARS-CoV-2. In November 2021, Omicron variant was discovered and immediately classified as a of concern (VOC), since it shows substantially more mutations in spike protein than any previous variant, especially receptor-binding domain (RBD). We analyzed binding RBD to human angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 receptor (ACE2) ability sera from patients or vaccinees comparison Wuhan, Beta, Delta variants.

Language: Английский

Citations

77
SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern and Variants of Interest Receptor Binding Domain Mutations and Virus Infectivity DOI Creative Commons
Haolin Liu, Pengcheng Wei, John W. Kappler

et al.

Frontiers in Immunology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 13

Published: Jan. 27, 2022

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has lasted more than years with over 260 million infections and 5 deaths worldwide as of November 2021. To combat the virus, monoclonal antibodies blocking virus binding to human receptor, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE2), have been approved treat infected patients. Inactivated whole or full-length spike encoding adenovirus mRNA vaccines are being used immunize public. However, SARS-CoV-2 variants emerging. These, some extent, escape neutralization by therapeutic vaccine-induced immunity. Thus, breakthrough reported in previously virus-infected fully vaccinated individuals. receptor domain (RBD) protein reacts host ACE2, leading entry into cell. It is also major antigenic site 90% broadly neutralizing from either patients individuals targeting RBD. Therefore, mutations RBD region effective ways for gain infectivity immunity built up original infections. In this review, we focus on impact concern (VOC) interest (VOI) ACE2 affinity serum antibody neutralization. We provide structure models show how VOC VOI affect allow antibody, bamlanivimab.

Language: Английский

Citations

72