Biodiversity impacts and conservation implications of urban land expansion projected to 2050

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 119(12)

Published: March 14, 2022

SignificanceUnderstanding the impacts of urbanization and associated urban land expansion on species is vital for informed planning that minimizes biodiversity loss. Predicting habitat will be lost to over 30,000 under three different future scenarios, we find up 855 are directly threatened due unmitigated urbanization. Our projections pinpoint rapidly urbanizing regions sub-Saharan Africa, South America, Mesoamerica, Southeast Asia where, without careful planning, expected cause particularly large findings highlight urgent need an increased focus in global conservation strategies identify high-priority areas this engagement.

Language: Английский

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Demystifying ecological connectivity for actionable spatial conservation planning

Trends in Ecology & Evolution, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 37(12), P. 1079 - 1091

Published: Sept. 28, 2022

There is a disconnect between global high-level conservation goals and on-the-ground actions such as maintaining ecosystem services or persistence local planning of protected areas.Dynamic processes ecological connectivity underpin species resilience but are difficult to represent in mathematical spatial problems for areas.Quantitative SMART (specific – measurable action-oriented realistic time-bound) objectives can provide link regional design implementation functionally connected area networks.With current gaps commitments increasing climate change threats, there tremendous opportunity use quantifiable vehicle future-proof networks help achieve goals. Connectivity underpins the life; it needs inform biodiversity decisions. Yet, when prioritising areas developing actions, not being operationalised planning. The challenge translation flows associated with into that lead actions. nebulous, be abstract mean different things people, making include problems. Here, we show how included mathematically defining objectives. We path forward linking goals, species’ persistence. propose ways management gain benefit from connectivity. In world dwindling natural resources human pressures, aim ensure habitats persist future. Most notably, United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) SDG14 (life below water) SDG15 on land), Convention Biological Diversity’s (CBD) post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework halt loss services. A dominant mechanism these will through area-based [1.Pressey R.L. et al.The mismeasure conservation.Trends Ecol. Evol. 2021; 36: 808-821Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (28) Google Scholar, 2.Garibaldi L.A. al.Working landscapes need at least 20% native habitat.Conserv. Lett. 14e12773Crossref (109) 3.Nicholson E. al.Scientific foundations an goal, milestones indicators framework.Nat. 5: 1338-1349Crossref (42) Scholar], specific achieving protection ‘well-connected systems’. (see Glossary) populations, species, communities, ecosystems, thus play pivotal role strategies (e.g., [4.Wood S.L.R. al.Missing interactions: state multispecies analysis.Front. 2022; 10830822Crossref (7) 5.Magris R.A. al.Biologically representative well-connected marine reserves enhance planning.Conserv. 2018; 11e12439Crossref (71) 6.Riginos C. Beger M. Incorporating genetic measures adaptation corals.in: van Oppen Aranda Lastra M.I. Coral Reef Conservation Restoration ‘Omics’ Age. Springer, 2022Crossref Scholar]). conceptual advancements tools quantitatively integrate across land, freshwater, systems still developed [5.Magris Scholar,7.Tulloch V.J.D. al.Minimizing cross-realm threats land-use change: national-scale framework connecting freshwater systems.Biol. Conserv. 254108954Crossref (13) 8.Hermoso V. al.Conservation realms: enhancing multi-realm species.J. Appl. 58: 644-654Crossref (10) 9.Daigle R. al.Operationalizing Marxan Connect.Methods 2020; 11: 570-579Crossref (52) 10.Heino J. al.Integrating dispersal proxies environmental research realm.Environ. Rev. 2017; 25: 334-349Crossref (81) Scholar]), only implemented fraction existing [11.Balbar A.C. Metaxas A. application areas.Global 2019; 17e00569PubMed Scholar,12.Ward al.Just ten percent terrestrial network structurally via intact land.Nat. Commun. 4563Crossref (87) Scholar]. this opinion article, define flow energy, materials, organisms space. At level, includes adult propagule dispersal, movement migration, interactions, ontogenetic linkages. Flow dynamic, variable, often spatially unconstrained (Box 1), generating considerable formulating both suitable metrics useful traditional approaches [9.Daigle Scholar,13.Keeley A.T.H. al.Connectivity monitoring.Biol. 255109008Crossref (41) Scholar,14.Jafari N. al.Achieving full sites multiperiod reserve problem.Comput. Oper. Res. 81: 119-127Crossref (16) variable characteristics scale have led diverse characterisations conservation, ranging wetland linkages amphibians [15.Heard G.W. al.Refugia sustain amphibian metapopulations afflicted by disease.Ecol. 2015; 18: 853-863Crossref (65) Scholar] recent exchange among populations [16.Xuereb al.Individual-based eco-evolutionary models understanding changing seas.Proc. Soc. Lond. Ser. B Biol. Sci. 288: 20212006PubMed (Table 1). Assessments estate highlight shortfalls capturing dynamic processes, connectivity, where 9.7% land [12.Ward two thirds critical animals conserved [17.Brennan al.Functional world’s areas.Science. 376: 1101-1104Crossref (35) 17% free-flowing rivers [18.Opperman J.J. al.Safeguarding rivers: extent areas.Sustainability. 13: 2805Crossref 90.5% less than 5% their ranges [19.Klein C.J. al.Shortfalls representing biodiversity.Sci. Rep. 17539Crossref (112) This gap because broad translate quantitative objectives, data measure acquire, no scientific consensus appropriate assess retention improvement [13.Keeley especially multiple Scholar].Box 1Types scales hinder its estimationA key hurdle including spatial–temporal complexity. directionality, constraint, vary physical process, properties environment, flowing entity (Figure I). These occur any medium river, ocean, air) metres continents, hemispheres, ocean basins. Ensuing may manifested relevant over time hours centuries even longer (as case evolutionary scales). Many either symmetrical along animal migration corridors) asymmetrical ontogeny, seed larva dispersal). variability measurements each case.Directed involve single, direction II). constrained, relatively low lateral variation upstream downstream salmon transport leaf litter,movement corridors, annual bird migrations continents basins). Directed high. result moving entity, example spread invasive/range-expanding coast boundary current, turtle foraging spawning grounds, ungulate seasonal feeding grounds.In diffuse flows, proceeds number directions, originate single source during oil spill, nesting aggregation) sources introductions non-native species) III). They also constrained clear corridors pathways detrital valleys basins, within particular ambit, invasive disease bounded habitat) possible propagules dispersed wind current.Figure IIDirected has easier conceptualise.View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload Hi-res image Download (PPT)Figure IIIDiffuse mixed strength extremely estimate.View (PPT)Table 1Connectivity value-laden concept. Selected contexts potential audiences applying concepts planningType connectivityDefinition/examplesReference definitionExample user groupLand–sea connectivityFlows sediment pollutants sea, rivers, sea[70.Suárez-Castro A.F. al.Global forest restoration opportunities foster coral reef conservation.Glob. Chang. 27: 5238-5252Crossref (12) Scholar]Ecologist, scientist, engineerOntogenetic connectivityMovement individuals occurring part life cycles (metres thousands km), e.g., amphibians[15.Heard Scholar,48.Kot C.Y. al.Network analysis sea movements connectivity: tool prioritization.Divers. Distrib. 28: 810-829Crossref (8) park managerCorridorsDistinct habitant patches linked facilitated. Disruption occurs due fragmentation[36.Keeley al.Thirty years planning: assessment factors influencing plan implementation.Environ. 14103001Crossref (55) Scholar]Environmental wildlife biologist, manager, tourism operatorPathogen dispersalAirborne fungal spores (regional continental scale, 50–5000 km)[46.Meyer al.Quantifying airborne routes pathogens safeguard wheat supply.Nat. Plants. 3: 780-786Crossref Scholar]EpidemiologistPollutant advection diffusionTransport sewage water)[54.Chaturvedi S.K. al.An spill detection using Sentinel 1 SAR-C images.J. Ocean Eng. 116-135Crossref (40) Scholar]Engineer, geophysicistDispersal connectivityThe juveniles distinct habitat patches. Scale highly dependent species[55.Hüssy K. al.Trace element patterns otoliths: biomineralization.Rev. Fish. Aquacult. 29: 445-477Crossref (79) Scholar,57.Lett al.Converging modeling air sea.Ecol. Model. 415108858Crossref (5) Scholar,58.Cecino G. Treml E.A. Local connections larval competency strongly influence metapopulation persistence.Ecol. 31e02302Crossref (6) Scholar,79.Harrison H.B. al.A portfolio effect stabilizes performance.Proc. Natl. Acad. U. S. 117: 25595Crossref (38) Scholar]Modeller, hydrodynamics engineer, oceanographer, ecologistMigrationThe scheduled individuals[47.Schuster al.Optimizing migratory cycle.Nat. 10: 1754Crossref (47) Scholar,83.Somveille general theory avian connectivity.Ecol. 24: 1848-1858Crossref Scholar]Wildlife ornithologist, operatorGenetic material nearby distant regions generations[16.Xuereb Scholar]Geneticist, ecologistTemporal connectivityLinkages shift time[51.Williams S.H. al.Incorporating optimal representation services.Conserv. 34: 934-942Crossref Scholar,84.Makino al.Spatio-temporal support high-latitude range expansion under change.Divers. 2014; 2014: 6-12Google Scholar]Climate ecologistEnergy flowTransport nutrients movement[39.Venarsky M.P. al.Spatial temporal fish community biomass energy throughout tropical river network.Freshw. 65: 1782-1792Crossref chemist Open table new tab case. grounds. (PPT) implementing explained fact concept broad, complex, means people times. many conceptualisations For example, manager Kenya most concerned enhances high-value, charismatic bring revenues experiences. By contrast, ecologist assisting Indo-Pacific value focus reefs aggregations [20.Beger priorities national policy.Nat. 6: 8208Crossref (99) climate-resilient [21.Beyer H. al.Risk-sensitive conserving rapid change.Conserv. 11e12587Crossref (122) As applied accounting perspectives stakeholders trade-offs, unified approach operationalise context One widely recognised, prioritised, historically forms which connect fragmented been impacted conversion Scholar,22.Hilty J.A. al.Corridor Ecology: Science Practice Conservation. Island Press, 2019Google Habitat fragmentation affects individuals, often, always [e.g., 23.Fahrig L. Ecological responses per se.Annu. Syst. 48: 1-23Crossref (598) reduces probabilities, mostly edge isolation effects [24.Fletcher R.J. al.Is good biodiversity?.Biol. 226: 9-15Crossref (326) interactions [25.Holyoak disturbance, seasonality, multi-year dynamics, dormancy Into dynamics metacommunities.Front. 8571130Crossref (18) However, corridor whilst important, addresses form structural serve few focal miss important unknown barriers [26.Merenlender A.M. al.Ecological species?.Theyra. 45-55Google ignore essential attributes needed retain functional matter energy. preserving [27.D'Aloia C.C. al.Coupled permanent change.Front. 7: 27Crossref (48) 28.Tittensor D.P. ocean.Sci. Adv. eaay9969Crossref (101) 29.Dunn D.C. importance policy.Proc. 286: 20191472PubMed plans lacking Scholar,18.Opperman Despite challenges, component CBD’s government policies targets. Spatial targets features prominently ongoing discussions. Our challenges facing ‘connectivity’ policy ambition become integrated deliver networks. recognise much progress made academic incorporating [8.Hermoso Scholar,30.Magris planning.Biol. 170: 207-221Crossref (138) 31.Andrello al.Additive supply fished areas.Divers. 21: 139-150Crossref (64) 32.Krueck N.C. MPA fisheries.Ecol. 925-941Crossref (70) 33.Dickson B.G. al.Circuit-theory applications science conservation.Conserv. 33: 239-249Crossref (178) transferability uptake methods real-world remains limited given explorations decision-makers ground social–economic considerations, equity, political realities) [34.Virtanen al.Marine analogues realm.Landsc. 35: 1021-1034Crossref (14) consequence, integration decisions practitioners fully realised though particularly addressing livelihoods [28.Tittensor overview organisms, achievement With examples, illustrate Planning protection, restoration, harvesting) long-term relates foundational principle adequacy Scholar,35.Kukkala A.S. Moilanen Core prioritisation systematic 2013; 88: 443-464Crossref (267) ensures coverage intensity enough maintain adaptive structured communities so they Scholar,36.Keeley Scholar,37.Jetz W. al.Include targets.Nat. 123-126Crossref Achieving requires continued integrity biological [38.Edelsparre A.H. al.Habitat determined strategy.Ecol. 8: 5508-5514Crossref (15) [39.Venarsky Scholar,40.Benkwitt C.E. al.Seabird nutrient subsidies alter algal abundance following bleaching event.Glob. 2619-2632Crossref (36) Flows carbon) subsidies) ecosystems achieved [41.Alberti complexity urban dynamics.Bioscience. 70: 772-793Crossref (58) Scholar,42.Olds A.D. seascape synthesis.Glob. Biogeogr. 2016; 3-15Crossref (107) genes amongst promoting diversity [6.Riginos Ree

Language: Английский

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Global shortfalls in documented actions to conserve biodiversity

Nature, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 630(8016), P. 387 - 391

Published: June 5, 2024

Abstract Threatened species are by definition that in need of assistance. In the absence suitable conservation interventions, they likely to disappear soon 1 . There is limited understanding how and where interventions applied globally, or well work 2,3 Here, using information from International Union for Conservation Nature Red List other global databases, we find at risk three biggest drivers biodiversity loss—habitat loss, overexploitation international trade invasive 4 —many appear lack appropriate types interventions. Indeed, although there has been substantial recent expansion protected area network, still 91% threatened have insufficient representation their habitats within areas. not implemented uniformly across different taxa regions and, even when present, infrequently led improvements status species. For 58% world’s terrestrial species, be notably absent. We cannot determine whether such truly neglected, efforts recover them included major databases. If indeed outlook many grim without more better targeted action.

Language: Английский

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30×30 biodiversity gains rely on national coordination

Nature Communications, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 14(1)

Published: Nov. 6, 2023

Global commitments to protect 30% of land by 2030 present an opportunity combat the biodiversity crisis, but reducing extinction risk will depend on where countries expand protection. Here, we explore a range 30×30 conservation scenarios that vary what dimension is prioritized (taxonomic groups, species-at-risk, facets) and how protection coordinated (transnational, national, or regional approaches) test which decisions influence our ability capture in spatial planning. Using Canada as model nation, evaluate well each scenario captures using scalable indicators while accounting for climate change, data bias, uncertainty. We find only 15% all terrestrial vertebrates, plants, butterflies (representing 6.6% species-at-risk) are adequately represented existing protected land. However, nationally approach could 65% species representing 40% species-at-risk. How has largest impact, with approaches protecting up 38% fewer choice incurs much smaller trade-offs. These results demonstrate potential highlighting critical importance biodiversity-informed national strategies.

Language: Английский

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A globally integrated structure of taxonomy to support biodiversity science and conservation

Trends in Ecology & Evolution, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 38(12), P. 1143 - 1153

Published: Sept. 6, 2023

All aspects of biodiversity research, from taxonomy to conservation, rely on data associated with species names. Effective integration names across multiple fields is paramount and depends the coordination organization taxonomic data. We assess current efforts find that even key applications for well-studied taxa still lack commonality in information required integration. identify essential elements our interoperability assessment support improved access A stronger focus these has potential involve communities science overcome broken linkages currently limiting research capacity. encourage a community effort democratize expertise language order facilitate maximum

Language: Английский

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Legally binding and ambitious biodiversity protection under the CBD, the global biodiversity framework, and human rights law

Environmental Sciences Europe, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 35(1)

Published: Sept. 19, 2023

Abstract Beyond climate change, the planet faces several other environmental challenges that are at least as threatening, such loss of biodiversity. In each case, problems driven by similar factors, fossil fuels and intensive livestock farming. This paper presents a legal analysis concerning binding nature Convention on Biological Diversity’s (CBD) overarching objective to halt biodiversity loss, within framework international human rights law. Using established techniques encompassing grammatical, systematic, teleological, historical interpretations, article demonstrates CBD’s is indeed legally justiciable. conclusion directly drawn from interpreting Article 1 CBD. Furthermore, comparable obligation emerges indirectly The imperative curtail also finds grounding in law, albeit necessitating re-evaluation certain aspects freedom, what has been explored context protection. Moreover, underscores various biodiversity-related regulations including those laid out CBD, Aichi Targets, Kunming–Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, carry partial significance. Nonetheless, it crucial note these regulations, do not modify mandate which was latest when CBD entered into force 1993. Because this violated since then, states could potentially be subject action before or domestic courts for their actions inactions contributing global loss.

Language: Английский

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Three-quarters of species’ ranges have not been covered by protected areas in global borders

Nature Communications, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 16(1)

Published: March 17, 2025

Borderlands are increasingly recognized as critically important for biodiversity conservation owing to their ecological significance and high political profile. However, the species ranges covered by protected areas influencing factors in transboundary still largely unknown worldwide. Here, based on distributional of 19,039 terrestrial vertebrates, we find that three-quarters species' global borders remain uncovered areas, particularly tropical Southeast Asia West Africa. The average area coverage is lower than non-transboundary after accounting geographical differences sampling efforts. We also observe increases with governance effectiveness, collaboration abilities, protection levels, sizes establishment years topographic complexity, but decreases human population density, development index, cropland expansion. Furthermore, simultaneously face threats ongoing challenges from climate change, land-use modification, alien invasion, proportions borderlands threatened changes higher elsewhere. All these findings demonstrate cross-border cooperation urgently needed achieve ambitious goal 2050. Transboundary critical refuges many species. this study reveals border regions facing greater change.

Language: Английский

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Marine spatial planning to solve increasing conflicts at sea: A framework for prioritizing offshore windfarms and marine protected areas

Journal of Environmental Management, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 339, P. 117857 - 117857

Published: April 7, 2023

Language: Английский

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Animal-borne sensors as a biologically informed lens on a changing climate

Nature Climate Change, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 13(10), P. 1042 - 1054

Published: Sept. 18, 2023

Language: Английский

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Gaps and weaknesses in the global protected area network for safeguarding at-risk species

Science Advances, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 9(22)

Published: June 2, 2023

Protected areas are essential to biodiversity conservation. Creating new parks can protect larger populations and more species, yet strengthening existing parks, particularly those vulnerable harmful human activities, is a critical but underappreciated step for safeguarding at-risk species. Here, we model the area of habitat that terrestrial mammals, amphibians, birds have within park networks their vulnerability current downgrading, downsizing, or degazettement events future land-use change. We find roughly 70% species analyzed scant representation in occur affected by shifts formal legal protections increased pressures. Our results also show expanding across just 1% world’s land could preserve irreplaceable habitats 1191 extinction.

Language: Английский

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