Worms and gills, plates and spines: the evolutionary origins and incredible disparity of deuterostomes revealed by fossils, genes, and development

Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 98(1), P. 316 - 351

Published: Oct. 18, 2022

Deuterostomes are the major division of animal life which includes sea stars, acorn worms, and humans, among a wide variety ecologically morphologically disparate taxa. However, their early evolution is poorly understood, due in part to disparity, makes identifying commonalities difficult, as well relatively poor fossil record. Here, we review available morphological, palaeontological, developmental, molecular data establish framework for exploring origins this important enigmatic group. Recent discoveries strongly support vermiform ancestor group Hemichordata, fusiform active swimmer Chordata. The diverse anatomically bewildering forms echinoderms show evidence both bilateral radial symmetry. We consider four characteristics most critical understanding form function last common Deuterostomia: Hox gene expression patterns, larval morphology, capacity biomineralization, morphology pharyngeal region. posit deuterostome with similar antero-posterior regulatory system that found modern worms cephalochordates, simple planktonic form, was later elaborated ambulacrarian lineage, ability secrete calcium minerals limited fashion, respiratory region composed pores. This likely be motile adult opposed sessile have been historically suggested. debates regarding monophyly array deuterostome-affiliated problematica further suggest possibility those features were not only present Deuterostomia, but potentially ur-bilaterian. development deuterostomes, therefore, underpin some significant questions study metazoan evolution.

Language: Английский

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Evolutionary contingency in lingulid brachiopods across mass extinctions

Current Biology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 33(8), P. 1565 - 1572.e3

Published: March 8, 2023

Morphology usually serves as an effective proxy for functional ecology,1Stanley S.M. Relation of Shell Form to Life Habits the Bivalvia (Mollusca). Geological Society America, 1970Crossref Scopus (525) Google Scholar,2Simpson G.G. Tempo and Mode in Evolution. Columbia University Press, 1944Google Scholar,3Grossnickle D.M. Newham E. Therian mammals experience ecomorphological radiation during Late Cretaceous selective extinction at K-Pg boundary.Proc. R. Soc. B. 2016; 283: 20160256Crossref (56) Scholar,4Novack-Gottshall P.M. Sultan A. Smith N.S. Purcell J. Hanson K.E. Lively Ranjha I. Collins C. Parker Sumrall C.D. Deline Morphological volatility precedes ecological innovation early echinoderms.Nat. Ecol. Evol. 2022; 6: 263-272Crossref PubMed (5) Scholar,5Cole S.R. Hopkins M.J. Selectivity effect mass extinctions on disparity ecology.Sci. Adv. 2021; 7: eabf4072Crossref (8) Scholar evaluating morphological, anatomical, changes permits a deeper understanding nature diversification macroevolution.5Cole Scholar,6Gould S.J. Wonderful Life: The Burgess Shale Nature History. W.W. Norton & Company, 1989Google Scholar,7Foote M. Discordance concordance between morphological taxonomic diversity.Paleobiology. 1993; 19: 185-204Crossref (270) Scholar,8Jablonski D. Lessons from past: evolutionary impacts extinctions.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2001; 98: 5393-5398Crossref (164) Scholar,9Erwin D.H. Disparity: pattern developmental context.Palaeontology. 2007; 50: 57-73Crossref (258) Scholar,10Hughes Gerber S. Wills M.A. Clades reach highest their evolution.Proc. 2013; 110: 13875-13879Crossref (153) Scholar,11Deline Greenwood J.M. Clark J.W. Puttick M.N. Peterson K.J. Donoghue P.C.J. Evolution metazoan disparity.Proc. 2018; 115: E8909-E8918Crossref (50) Scholar,12Budd G.E. Morphospace.Curr. Biol. 31: R1181-R1185Abstract Full Text PDF (3) Lingulid (order Lingulida) brachiopods are both diverse abundant Palaeozoic but decrease diversity over time, with only few genera linguloids discinoids present modern marine ecosystems, resulting them frequently being referred "living fossils."13Holmer L.E. Popov Lingulata.in: Kaesler R.L. Treatise Invertebrate Paleontology. 2. America Kansas 2000: 30-146Google Scholar,14Carlson evolution Brachiopoda.Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. 44: 409-438Crossref (71) Scholar,15Peng Y. Shi G.R. Gao He W. Shen How why did Lingulidae (Brachiopoda) not survive end-Permian also thrive its aftermath?.Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 252: 118-131Crossref (43) dynamics that drove this decline remain uncertain, it has been determined if there is associated diversity. Here, we apply geometric morphometrics reconstruct global morphospace occupation lingulid through Phanerozoic, results showing maximum was reached by Early Ordovician. At time peak diversity, sub-rectangular shell shape already possessed several features, such rearrangement mantle canals reduction pseudointerarea, common all infaunal forms. end Ordovician differential linguloids, disproportionally wiping out those forms rounded shape, while shells survived Permian-Triassic extinctions, leaving fauna predominantly composed For discinoids, epibenthic life strategies consistent Phanerozoic. Morphospace when considered using anatomical analyses, suggests limited reflects contingency rather than deterministic processes.

Language: Английский

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Evolutionary bursts drive morphological novelty in the world’s largest skinks

Current Biology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 34(17), P. 3905 - 3916.e5

Published: Aug. 12, 2024

Animal phenotypes evolve and diverge as a result of differing selective pressures drift. These processes leave unique signatures in patterns trait evolution, impacting the tempo mode morphological macroevolution. While there is broad understanding history some organismal traits (e.g., body size), little consensus about evolutionary most others. This includes relative contribution prolonged (Darwinian gradualist) episodic (Simpsonian jump) changes toward evolution novel morphologies. Here, we use new exon-capture linear datasets to investigate Australo-Melanesian Tiliquini skinks. We generate well-supported time-calibrated phylogenomic tree from ∼400 nuclear markers for more than 100 specimens, including undescribed diversity, provide unprecedented resolution rapid Miocene diversification these lizards. By collecting dataset that encompasses lizard plan (19 across head, body, limb, tail), are able identify conservatively, but infrequent bursts novelty. phenotypic discontinuities occur via rate increases along individual branches, inconsistent with both gradualistic punctuated equilibrial modes. Instead, this "punctuated gradualism" has resulted blue-tongued giants armored dwarves ∼20 million years since colonizing Australia. results outline pathway morphologies highlight heterogeneity mode, even within traits.

Language: Английский

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Standardizing fossil disparity metrics using sample coverage

Palaeontology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 67(5)

Published: Sept. 1, 2024

Abstract Estimating past biodiversity using the fossil record is a central goal of palaeobiology. Because raw estimates are biased by variation in sampling intensity across time, space, environments and taxonomic groups, standardization routinely applied when estimating diversity (e.g. species richness). However, less commonly used alternative currencies biological diversity, such as morphological disparity. Here, we show effects standardizing time series disparity to equal sample completeness, or ‘coverage’, underlying taxon‐frequency distribution. We apply coverage‐based three published datasets discrete characters (echinoderms, ichthyosaurs ornithischian dinosaurs), quantify two metrics: weighted mean pairwise dissimilarity (WMPD) sum variance (SOV). also compare sample‐size‐based standardization. Our results that coverage can yield through dramatically deviate from estimates, both magnitude direction changes. These findings demonstrate future studies should control for enable more reliable inferences.

Language: Английский

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Cambrian origin but no early burst in functional disparity for Class Bivalvia

Biology Letters, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 19(5)

Published: May 1, 2023

Both the Cambrian explosion, more than half a billion years ago, and its Ordovician aftermath some 35 Myr later, are often framed as episodes of widespread ecological opportunity, but not all clades originating during this interval showed prolific rises in morphological or functional disparity. In direct analysis disparity, instead commonly used proxy we find that functions Class Bivalvia arose concordantly with even lagged behind taxonomic diversification, rather early-burst pattern expected for supposedly open landscapes. Unlike several other bivalves' belated acquisition key anatomical novelties imposed macroevolutionary lag, when those evolved Early Ordovician, disparity never surpassed diversity. Beyond early period animal evolution, founding subsequent diversification new major their might be to follow bivalves—one where interactions between highly dynamic environmental biotic landscapes evolutionary contingencies need promote innovation.

Language: Английский

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Initial quantitative assessment of the enigmatic clade Paracrinoidea (Echinodermata)

Palaeontology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 67(3)

Published: May 1, 2024

Abstract Great strides have been made in understanding the phylogeny of five extant echinoderm classes, however, many Palaeozoic groups yet to be examined a rigorous, quantitative framework. The aberrant morphologies Paracrinoidea, an unusual group echinoderms, hindered their inclusion large‐scale phylogenetic and morphologic studies. This study uses combined approach analysis morphological disparity elucidate species relationships within clade. Findings from this suggest that Paracrinoidea is monophyletic respiratory structures, oral plate arrangement, ambulacral are important for defining subclades Paracrinoidea. Examination paracrinoids framework, facilitates larger projects examining evolution, ecology biogeography.

Language: Английский

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Morphological innovation did not drive diversification in Mesozoic–Cenozoic brachiopods

Nature Ecology & Evolution, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 8(10), P. 1948 - 1958

Published: July 25, 2024

Language: Английский

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Is species richness mediated by functional and genetic divergence? A global analysis in birds

Functional Ecology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 37(1), P. 125 - 138

Published: Aug. 2, 2022

Unravelling why species richness shows such dramatic spatial variation is an ongoing challenge. Common to many theories that increasing (e.g. with latitude) requires a compensatory trade-off on axis of species' ecology. Spatial in may also affect genetic diversity if large numbers coexisting, related result smaller population sizes.Here, we test whether results differential occupation morphospace by the constituent species, or decreases diversity. We for two potential mechanisms morphological accommodation: denser packing ecomorphological space, and expansion space. then differ their nucleotide depending allopatry sympatry relatives, indicative consequences coexistence would reduce sympatry. ask these questions spatially explicit framework, using global database avian functional trait measurements combination >120,000 sequences downloaded from GenBank.We find higher within families not systematically correlated either space overdispersion but, at Class level, general positive relationship between richness, but points sampled tropics have comparatively greater than temperate ones relative richness. limited evidence geographical co-occurrence closely tropical distributions nuclear genes; however, this further analysis.Our suggest can accumulate regionally minimal tradeoffs cost, implying external biotic factors do limit Read free Plain Language Summary article Journal blog.

Language: Английский

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The nexus between political globalisation, higher education, health development and ecological innovation in China: evidence from a nonlinear approach

Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 36(2)

Published: Sept. 25, 2022

The perspective of ecological innovation is widely studied around the globe because its future demand in building a stable economy. Thus, vital concept present study to investigate nexus between political globalisation and innovation; while examining impact higher education (H.E.) health development China via Quantile autoregressive distributed lagged (Q.A.R.D.L.) method. According Cho et al. (2015), Autoregressive method superior lasted estimation software uniqueness quantile base. However, through analysis explanation concerning globalisation, H.E. are checked long-run short-run quantiles. Q.A.R.D.L. technique investigations revealed that error correction parameters negatively significant across all Hence this confirmed presence reversion long-standing association development. This implies affirmative (P.G.L.O.B.), H.E., H.D.L. gross domestic product (G.D.P.) on innovations emerges positive change environment China. Granger causality test describes bi-directional relationship amongst selected variables. Some potential implications for country discussed last paragraphs study.

Language: Английский

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Niche Evolution and Phylogenetic Community Paleoecology of Late Ordovician Crinoids

Published: April 29, 2022

Fossil crinoids are exceptionally suited to deep-time studies of community paleoecology and niche partitioning. By merging ecomorphological trait phylogenetic data, this Element summarizes occupation from the Bromide fauna Oklahoma (Sandbian, Upper Ordovician). Patterns structure evolution evaluated over a ~5 million-year period through comparison with Brechin Lagerstätte (Katian, The authors establish filtration fan density, food size selectivity, body as major axes defining differentiation, is strongly controlled by phylogeny. Ecological strategies were relatively static study interval at high taxonomic scales, but differentiation specialization increased in most subclades. Changes disparity species richness indicate transition between early-middle Paleozoic Crinoid Evolutionary Faunas was already underway Katian due ecological drivers not triggered Late Ordovician mass extinction.

Language: Английский

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