A Universal Biocompatible and Multifunctional Solid Electrolyte in p‐Type and n‐Type Organic Electrochemical Transistors for Complementary Circuits and Bioelectronic Interfaces

Advanced Materials, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: July 17, 2024

Abstract The development of soft and flexible devices for collection bioelectrical signals is gaining momentum wearable implantable applications. Among these devices, organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) stand out due to their low operating voltage large signal amplification capable transducing weak biological signals. While liquid electrolytes have demonstrated efficacy in OECTs, they limit its temperature pose challenges electronic packaging potential leakage. Conversely, solid offer advantages such as mechanical flexibility, robustness against environmental factors, ability bridge the interface between rigid dry electronics systems wet tissues. However, few generality compatibility with a wide range state‐of‐the‐art mixed ionic‐electronic conductors (OMIECs). This paper introduces highly stretchable, flexible, biocompatible, self‐healable gelatin‐based solid‐state electrolyte, compatible both p ‐ n ‐type OMIEC channels while maintaining high performance excellent stability. Furthermore, this nonvolatile electrolyte stable up 120 °C exhibits ionic conductivity even environment. Additionally, an OECT‐based complementary inverter record‐high normalized‐gain 228 V −1 corresponding ultralow static power consumption 1 nW demonstrated. These advancements pave way versatile applications ranging from bioelectronics power‐efficient implants.

Language: Английский

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Mechanics and dynamics of organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors

Applied Mechanics Reviews, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 77(3)

Published: March 28, 2025

Abstract Organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors (OMIECs) are a class of materials that can transport ionic and electronic charge carriers simultaneously. They have shown broad applications in soft robotics, electrochemical transistors, bio-electronics. The structural response OMIECs to the conduction populates from molecular conformation devices, presenting challenges understanding their mechanical behavior constitutive descriptions. Furthermore, feature strong multiphysics interactions among mechanics, electrostatics, conduction, mass transport, microstructural evolution. In this review, we summarize recent progress mechanistic highlight dynamics heterogeneity underlying each element mechanics. We introduce strain activation breathing, properties, degradation upon doping dedoping. Drawing on state-of-the-art experimental simulation insights, critical role multiscale governing functionality OMIECs. discuss current limitation relations present computational frameworks integrate multiphysics. synthesize mechanics-driven strategies—spanning modulation, material stretchability, interfacial stability—from design macroscopic engineering. conclude with our perspective outstanding questions key for continued research. This review aims organize fundamental principles OMIECs, offering multidisciplinary framework researchers identify, analyze, address conducting polymers applications.

Language: Английский

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Transient Response and Ionic Dynamics in Organic Electrochemical Transistors

Nano-Micro Letters, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 16(1)

Published: July 2, 2024

Abstract The rapid development of organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) has ushered in a new era electronics, distinguishing itself through its application variety domains, from high-speed logic circuits to sensitive biosensors, and neuromorphic devices like artificial synapses random-access memories. Despite recent strides enhancing OECT performance, driven by the demand for superior transient response capabilities, comprehensive understanding complex interplay between charge ion transport, alongside electron–ion interactions, as well optimization strategies, remains elusive. This review aims bridge this gap providing systematic overview on fundamental working principles responses, emphasizing advancements device physics approaches. We critical aspect dynamics both volatile non-volatile applications, impact materials, morphology, structure strategies optimizing responses. paper not only offers detailed current state art, but also identifies promising avenues future research, aiming drive performance diversified applications."Image missing"

Language: Английский

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Switching Response in Organic Electrochemical Transistors by Ionic Diffusion and Electronic Transport

Advanced Science, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: July 25, 2024

The switching response in organic electrochemical transistors (OECT) is a basic effect which transient current occurs to voltage perturbation. This phenomenon has an important impact on different aspects of the application OECT, such as equilibration times, hysteresis dependence scan rates, and synaptic properties for neuromorphic applications. Here we establish model that unites vertical ion diffusion horizontal electronic transport analysis time-dependent OECTs. We use combination tools consisting physical analytical model; advanced 2D drift-diffusion simulation; experimental measurement poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) OECT. show reduction general simple equations average ionic/hole concentration inside film, produces Bernards-Malliaras conservation equation coupled with equation. provide classification pulse, correspondent effects transfer curves. shape transients basically related main control phenomenon, either ions during doping dedoping, or along channel length.

Language: Английский

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Balancing Electroactive Backbone and Oligo(Ethylene Oxy) Side‐Chain Content Improves Stability and Performance of Soluble PEDOT Copolymers in Organic Electrochemical Transistors

Advanced Functional Materials, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Oct. 2, 2024

Abstract The development of devices based on organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) relies the rational design high‐performing mixed ionic‐electronic conductors (OMIECs). Here, a series solution‐processable copolymers composed unsubstituted 2,2′‐bis‐(3,4‐ethylenedioxy)thiophene (biEDOT) and 3,4‐propylenedioxythiophene (ProDOT) substituted with linear or branched oligo(ethylene oxy) (OE) side chains are reported. By varying size chains, it is found that highest OECT performance achieved near equivalent molar mass chain electroactive conjugated polymer repeat unit. With four OE units (PE 2 ‐OE 4, content 49%), OECTs state‐of‐the‐art normalized transconductance (453 ± 70 S cm −1 ) µC* (830 37 F V s ), rapid dedoping kinetics, pulsing stability 99% I DS retention over 200 ON/OFF cycles achieved. A consistent improvement in decreasing side‐chain also observed. origin enhanced rationalized by correlating losses to changes channel absorbance cycle after during operation. This work encourages calculation an OMIEC when designing chains. It shows PE backbone short promising structure for (bio)electrochemical devices.

Language: Английский

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Modulation on Transconductance and Switching Speed of Vertical Organic Electrochemical Transistors via Structure Engineering

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Jan. 8, 2025

Vertical organic electrochemical transistors (vOECTs) have received widespread attention in bioelectronics, wearable, and neuromorphic electronics due to their high transconductance (gm), low driving voltage, biocompatibility. As key parameters of vOECTs, gm switching speed (or transient time, τ) are vital for achieving satisfying performance various practical applications. Here we employ vOECTs with varying top electrode widths effective modulation. It is found that both τ increase linearly (from 60.0 105.8 mS from 1.15 1.60 ms, respectively) the increasing width 40 120 μm). This result indicates it challenging simultaneously obtain short τ. Consequently, grid-like electrodes employed, which composed small arranged certain intervals, where ions can be injected gap instead side a single large electrode, leading (202 mS) (0.797 ms). In addition, electrode-based successfully achieve electrocardiogram (ECG) electrooculogram (EOG) monitoring signal quality. work provides an ingenious design promotes further optimization device performance, while enabling high-frequency operation.

Language: Английский

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Side‐Gated Iontronic Memtransistor: A Fast and Energy‐Efficient Neuromorphic Building Block

Small, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Jan. 12, 2025

Abstract Iontronic memtransistors have emerged as technologically superior to conventional memristors for neuromorphic applications due their low operating voltage, additional gate control, and enhanced energy efficiency. In this study, a side‐gated iontronic organic memtransistor (SG‐IOMT) device is explored potential energy‐efficient hardware building block fast computing. Its operational flexibility, which encompasses the complex integration of redox activities, ion dynamics, polaron generation, makes intriguing simultaneous information storage processing, it effectively overcomes von Neumann bottleneck The SG‐IOMT achieves linear channel conductance performance metrics with switching speeds in microsecond range efficiency down few femtojoules, comparable those brain. This finding demonstrates robustness, supporting Atkinson–Shiffrin memorization model, four most common Hebbian learning rules. Overall, architecture offers significant advantages over architectures, yields remarkable image classification convolutional neural network simulations.

Language: Английский

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Pulse voltage-driven flexible microsystem based on floating gate OECT for fast detection of sodium and potassium ions

Chemical Engineering Journal, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 160253 - 160253

Published: Feb. 1, 2025

Language: Английский

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Organic Electrochemical Transistor Channel Materials: Copolymerization Versus Physical Mixing of Glycolated and Alkoxylated Polymers

Advanced Functional Materials, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Feb. 7, 2025

Abstract Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) feature a polymer channel capable of conducting both ions and electronic charges. The choice the material is critical for OECT performance. Many efforts have focused on improving performance via chemical tunability conjugated polymers – through backbone, side chain, molar mass engineering leading to useful design principles accumulation‐mode materials. However, tuning structure often requires time‐consuming optimization synthesis route. Meanwhile, variations in mass, dispersity, structural defects, metal content present challenges when attempting analyze detailed effects modifications, as multiple performance‐determining factors are (unintentionally) changed at same time. Therefore, this study explores blended materials obtained by physically mixing glycolated alkoxylated different ratios, compares their with corresponding statistical copolymers. It shown that two well‐performing creates blends enable rational transistor properties without compromising Thus, channels based hold promise technology tailored response, only needed achieve any desired chain ratio, simplifying characteristics.

Language: Английский

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Establishing Quantitative Understanding of Defect-Tuned Properties in Functional Oxides by an Electrochemically-Induced Gradient of Ionic Defect Concentration

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 17(9), P. 13342 - 13357

Published: Feb. 22, 2025

Tuning the physical and chemical properties of functional oxides by controlling amount ionic point defects has been recognized as a new paradigm designing with tailored functionality. In order to enable precise tuning properties, it is important construct quantitative relationships between interest concentration defects, which are conventionally achieved synthesizing measuring large number samples varying defect concentration. Compared this conventional method, labor-intensive susceptible sample-to-sample variations, review focuses on high-throughput method that utilizes an electrochemically induced gradient in one single oxide sample. Combined spatially resolved characterizations, allows establishing property-defect relationship. This will present working principles case studies use based graded defects. Potentials future extensions also be discussed.

Language: Английский

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