Pharmacology & Therapeutics,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
208, P. 107476 - 107476
Published: Jan. 10, 2020
Sepsis,
a
life
threating
syndrome
characterized
by
organ
failure
after
infection,
is
the
most
common
cause
of
death
in
hospitalized
patients.
The
treatment
sepsis
generally
supportive
nature,
involving
administration
intravenous
fluids,
vasoactive
substances
and
oxygen
plus
antibiotics
to
eliminate
pathogen.
No
drugs
have
been
approved
specifically
for
sepsis,
clinical
trials
potential
therapies
failed
reduce
mortality
-
suggesting
that
new
approaches
are
needed.
Abnormalities
immune
response
elicited
pathogen,
ranging
from
excessive
inflammation
immunosuppression,
contribute
disease
pathogenesis.
Although
hundreds
immunomodulatory
agents
potentially
available,
it
remains
unclear
which
patient
benefits
therapy
at
given
time
point.
Results
indicate
importance
personalized
therapy,
need
identify
type
intervention
required
each
individual
point
process.
To
address
this
issue
will
require
using
biomarkers
stratify
patients
based
on
their
status.
This
article
reviews
recent
ongoing
investigations
immunostimulatory
or
immunosuppressive
against
including
non-pharmacological
novel
preclinical
approaches.
Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
6(1)
Published: Aug. 4, 2021
Abstract
Pattern
recognition
receptors
(PRRs)
are
a
class
of
that
can
directly
recognize
the
specific
molecular
structures
on
surface
pathogens,
apoptotic
host
cells,
and
damaged
senescent
cells.
PRRs
bridge
nonspecific
immunity
immunity.
Through
binding
ligands,
produce
anti-infection,
antitumor,
other
immunoprotective
effects.
Most
in
innate
immune
system
vertebrates
be
classified
into
following
five
types
based
protein
domain
homology:
Toll-like
(TLRs),
nucleotide
oligomerization
(NOD)-like
(NLRs),
retinoic
acid-inducible
gene-I
(RIG-I)-like
(RLRs),
C-type
lectin
(CLRs),
absent
melanoma-2
(AIM2)-like
(ALRs).
basically
composed
ligand
domains,
intermediate
effector
domains.
bind
their
respective
ligands
recruit
adaptor
molecules
with
same
structure
through
initiating
downstream
signaling
pathways
to
exert
In
recent
years,
increased
researches
have
greatly
promoted
understanding
different
provided
ideas
for
treatment
immune-related
diseases
even
tumors.
This
review
describes
detail
history,
structural
characteristics,
mechanism,
pathway,
related
disease,
new
drugs
clinical
trials
therapy
PRRs,
discusses
significance
research
pattern
mechanism
PRR-related
diseases.
Journal of Neuroinflammation,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
17(1)
Published: Nov. 25, 2020
Abstract
The
complement
cascade
is
a
critical
effector
mechanism
of
the
innate
immune
system
that
contributes
to
rapid
clearance
pathogens
and
dead
or
dying
cells,
as
well
contributing
extent
limit
inflammatory
response.
In
addition,
some
early
components
this
have
been
clearly
shown
play
beneficial
role
in
synapse
elimination
during
development
nervous
system,
although
excessive
complement-mediated
synaptic
pruning
adult
injured
brain
may
be
detrimental
multiple
neurogenerative
disorders.
While
many
these
later
studies
mouse
models,
observations
consistent
with
notion
reported
human
postmortem
examination
tissue.
Increasing
awareness
distinct
roles
C1q,
initial
recognition
component
classical
pathway,
are
independent
rest
cascade,
relationship
other
signaling
pathways
inflammation
(in
periphery
central
system),
highlights
need
for
thorough
understanding
molecular
entities
facilitate
successful
therapeutic
design,
including
target
identification,
disease
stage
treatment,
delivery
specific
neurologic
Here,
we
review
evidence
both
effects
activation
products
neurodegenerative
Evidence
requisite
co-factors
diverse
consequences
reviewed,
recent
support
possibility
pharmacological
approaches
suppress
chronic
inflammation,
while
preserving
components,
slow
progression
disease.
The Journal of Immunology,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
205(6), P. 1488 - 1495
Published: July 22, 2020
Abstract
Coronavirus
disease
of
2019
(COVID-19)
is
a
highly
contagious
respiratory
infection
that
caused
by
the
severe
acute
syndrome
coronavirus
2.
Although
most
people
are
immunocompetent
to
virus,
small
group
fail
mount
an
effective
antiviral
response
and
develop
chronic
infections
trigger
hyperinflammation.
This
results
in
major
complications,
including
distress
syndrome,
disseminated
intravascular
coagulation,
multiorgan
failure,
which
all
carry
poor
prognoses.
Emerging
evidence
suggests
complement
system
plays
key
role
this
inflammatory
reaction.
Indeed,
patients
with
COVID-19
show
prominent
activation
their
lung,
skin,
sera,
those
individuals
who
were
treated
inhibitors
recovered
no
adverse
reactions.
These
other
studies
hint
at
complement’s
therapeutic
potential
these
sequalae,
thus,
support
drug
development,
review,
we
provide
summary
review
coagulopathy.
Pharmacological Reviews,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
73(2), P. 792 - 827
Published: March 9, 2021
The
complement
system
was
discovered
at
the
end
of
19th
century
as
a
heat-labile
plasma
component
that
"complemented"
antibodies
in
killing
microbes,
hence
name
"complement."
Complement
is
also
part
innate
immune
system,
protecting
host
by
recognition
pathogen-associated
molecular
patterns.
However,
multifunctional
far
beyond
infectious
defense.
It
contributes
to
organ
development,
such
sculpting
neuron
synapses,
promoting
tissue
regeneration
and
repair,
rapidly
engaging
synergizing
with
number
processes,
including
hemostasis
leading
thromboinflammation.
double-edged
sword.
Although
it
usually
protects
host,
may
cause
damage
when
dysregulated
or
overactivated,
systemic
inflammatory
reaction
seen
trauma
sepsis
severe
coronavirus
disease
2019
(COVID-19).
Damage-associated
patterns
generated
during
ischemia-reperfusion
injuries
(myocardial
infarction,
stroke,
transplant
dysfunction)
chronic
neurologic
rheumatic
activate
complement,
thereby
increasing
damaging
inflammation.
Despite
long
list
diseases
potential
for
ameliorating
modulation,
only
few
rare
are
approved
clinical
treatment
targeting
complement.
Those
currently
being
efficiently
treated
include
paroxysmal
nocturnal
hemoglobinuria,
atypical
hemolytic-uremic
syndrome,
myasthenia
gravis,
neuromyelitis
optica
spectrum
disorders.
Rare
diseases,
unfortunately,
preclude
robust
trials.
evidence
pathogenetic
driver
many
more
common
suggests
an
opportunity
future
therapy,
which,
however,
requires
trials;
one
ongoing
example
COVID-19
disease.
current
review
aims
discuss
pathogenesis
pharmacological
strategies
treat
these
complement-targeted
therapies.
Significance
Statement
host's
defense
friend
from
invading
pathogens,
maintaining
homeostasis.
sword,
since
overactivated
becomes
enemy,
damage,
failure,
and,
worst
case,
death.
A
acute
candidates
avoid
complement-dependent
ranging
well
established
possible
large
patient
groups
like
pandemic
2019.
