Pathogenesis of influenza and SARS-CoV-2 co-infection at the extremes of age: decipher the ominous tales of immune vulnerability

Advanced Biotechnology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 3(1)

Published: Jan. 21, 2025

The co-circulation of influenza and SARS-CoV-2 has led to co-infection events, primarily affecting children older adults, who are at higher risk for severe disease. Although prevalence is relatively low, it associated with worse outcomes compared mono-infections. Previous studies have shown that the depend on multiple factors, including viral interference, virus-host interaction host response. Children elderly exhibit distinct patterns antiviral response, which involve airway epithelium, mucociliary clearance, innate adaptive immune cells, inflammatory mediators. This review explores pathogeneses co-infection, focusing responses in elderly. By comparing immature immunity senescence we aim provide insights clinical management cases.

Language: Английский

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SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8 ⁺ T cells from people with long COVID establish and maintain effector phenotype and key TCR signatures over 2 years

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 121(39)

Published: Sept. 16, 2024

Long COVID occurs in a small but important minority of patients following COVID-19, reducing quality life and contributing to healthcare burden. Although research into underlying mechanisms is evolving, immunity understudied. SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses are key importance for viral clearance COVID-19 recovery. However, long COVID, the establishment persistence cells far from clear, especially beyond 12 mo postinfection postvaccination. We defined ex vivo antigen-specific B their receptors (TCR) repertoires across 2 y people with COVID. Using 13 SARS-CoV-2 peptide–HLA tetramers, spanning 11 HLA allotypes, as well spike nucleocapsid probes, we tracked CD8 + CD4 B-cells individuals first infection through primary vaccination over 24 mo. The frequencies ORF1a- nucleocapsid-specific remained stable Spike-specific were boosted by vaccination, indicating immunization, fully recovered altered immunodominance hierarchy epitopes. Meanwhile, influenza-specific mo, suggesting no bystander-activation. Compared total populations, enriched central memory phenotype, although proportion decreased acute illness. Importantly, TCR repertoire composition was maintained throughout including postvaccination, postinfection. Overall, understand recall responses, providing insights

Language: Английский

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Spatiotemporal Dynamic Immunomodulation by Infection‐Mimicking Gels Enhances Broad and Durable Protective Immunity Against Heterologous Viruses

Advanced Science, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Jan. 13, 2025

Abstract Despite their safety and widespread use, conventional protein antigen‐based subunit vaccines face significant challenges such as low immunogenicity, insufficient long‐term immunity, poor CD8 + T‐cell activation, adaptation to viral variants. To address these issues, an infection‐mimicking gel (IM‐Gel) is developed that designed emulate the spatiotemporal dynamics of immune stimulation in acute infections through situ supramolecular self‐assembly nanoparticulate‐TLR7/8a (NP‐TLR7/8a) antigen with tannic acid (TA). Through collagen‐binding properties TA, IM‐Gel enables sustained delivery enhanced retention NP‐TLR7/8a lymph node subcapsular sinus mice for over 7 days, prolonging exposure vaccine components both B cell T zones, leading robust humoral cellular responses. The system influenza A confers cross‐protection against multiple subtypes (H1N1, H5N2, H3N2, H7N3, H9N2) Combination SARS‐CoV‐2 spike also elicits strong cross‐reactive antibody responses variants (Alpha, Beta, NY510+D614G, Gamma, Kappa, Delta). IM‐Gel, a programmable immunomodulatory material, provides design principle development next‐generation universal can elicit broad durable protective immunity emerging viruses.

Language: Английский

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ZBP1-driven cell death in severe influenza

Trends in Microbiology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Jan. 1, 2025

Language: Английский

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IgG sialylation puts lung inflammation to REST

Immunity, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 58(1), P. 8 - 10

Published: Jan. 1, 2025

Language: Английский

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Virally-initiated pain states: phenotype, mechanisms, and future directions

Frontiers in Pain Research, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 6

Published: Jan. 28, 2025

The recent SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has underscored the significance of viral infections, affecting billions lives and costing trillions dollars globally. Even beyond SARS-CoV-2, common infections with viruses like influenza, HIV, herpesviruses have profound impacts their typical manifestations, often triggering acute chronic pain syndromes that can be life-altering. These virally induced states arise through direct replication within neurons, or indirectly, via immune responses to infection in both contexts afferent signaling dorsal root ganglion (DRG) subsequent higher order integration intracranial systems. Varicella-zoster virus (VZV), influenza virus, each provide a unique lens which examine interplay between activity pain. This perspective paper is not meant an exhaustive review virally-induced neuropathic states. It seeks explore curated aspects complexities these states, identify research gaps, suggest solutions using nanoscale molecular understanding psychoneuroimmunological biopsychosocial frameworks. Each subheading accompanied by list related issues for study we think will lead advances our vexing phenotype associated infection.

Language: Английский

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Seasonal patterns of infectious diseases in Riyadh Province, Saudi Arabia: a retrospective analysis

Critical Public Health, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 35(1)

Published: March 8, 2025

Language: Английский

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Aromatic Molecular Compatibility Attenuates Influenza Virus-Induced Acute Lung Injury via the Lung–Gut Axis and Lipid Droplet Modulation

Pharmaceuticals, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 18(4), P. 468 - 468

Published: March 26, 2025

Background: Acute lung injury (ALI) is a major cause of death in patients with various viral pneumonias. Our team previously identified four volatile compounds from aromatic Chinese medicines. Based on molecular compatibility theory, we defined their combination as (AC), though its therapeutic effects and underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Methods: This study used influenza A virus (IAV) A/PR/8/34 to construct cell mouse models ALI explore AC’s protective against infection. The effect AC was verified by evaluating the antiviral efficacy models, including improvements colon inflammation, oxidative stress, suppression NLRP3 inflammasome. In addition, 16S rDNA lipid metabolomics were analyze potential AC. Results: vitro vivo studies demonstrated that increased survival IAV-infected cells mice, inhibited replication expression proinflammatory factors tissues, ameliorated barrier damage colonic tissues. ROS inflammasome improved inflammatory infiltration into Finally, effectively regulated intestinal flora disorders metabolism model significantly reduced cholesterol triglyceride expression, thus abnormal accumulation droplets (LDs) after IAV Conclusions: this study, could treat IAV-induced ALIs through multiple pathways, anti-inflammatory pathways modulation LDs.

Language: Английский

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Integrative Mapping of Pre-existing Immune Landscapes for Vaccine Response Prediction

bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory), Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Jan. 23, 2025

Predicting individual vaccine responses remains a significant challenge due to the complexity and variability of immune processes. To address this gap, we developed immunaut , an open-source, data-driven framework implemented as R package specifically designed for all systems vaccinologists seeking analyze predict immunological outcomes across diverse vaccination settings. Leveraging one most comprehensive live attenuated influenza (LAIV) datasets date - 244 Gambian children enrolled in phase 4 immunogenicity study integrates humoral, mucosal, cellular, transcriptomic, microbiological parameters collected before after vaccination, providing unprecedentedly holistic view LAIV-induced immunity. Through advanced dimensionality reduction, clustering, predictive modeling, identifies distinct immunophenotypic responder profiles their underlying baseline determinants. In study, delineated three immunophenotypes: (1) CD8 T-cell responders, marked by strong mucosal immunity extensive prior virus exposure that boosts memory responses, without generating virus-specific antibody responses; (2) Mucosal characterized pre-existing systemic A (specifically H3N2) stable epithelial integrity, leading potent IgA expansions subsequent seroconversion B virus; (3) Systemic, broad who start with relatively naive leverage greater initial viral replication drive against multiple variants beyond those included LAIV vaccine. By integrating pathway-level analysis, model-derived contribution scores, hierarchical decision rules, elucidates how landscapes shape each response trajectory key features, including immunity, preparedness, cellular support, dictate outcomes. Collectively, these findings emphasize power integrative, frameworks advance precision vaccinology, highlight versatile, community-available resource optimizing immunization strategies populations platforms. Using compiled date, integrative machine learning framework, groups shaped landscapes, advancing vaccinology guiding more effective, personalized strategies. Immunaut automated mapping predicting immunotypes. Step 1 outlines identification using pre- post-vaccination data integration antibodies, flu-specific T-cells, immunophenotyping at sites. Clustering methods define landscape, stability, validation through t-SNE-based visualization. 2 leverages modeling approach, enhance accuracy interpretability predictions, enabling stratification targeted intervention immunogenicity.

Language: Английский

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Gradual changes within long-lived influenza virus-specific CD8+ T cells are associated with the loss of public TCR clonotypes in older adults

EBioMedicine, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 115, P. 105697 - 105697

Published: April 17, 2025

Language: Английский

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