The
opioid
crisis
in
the
last
few
decades
has
mounted
to
a
global
level,
impacting
all
areas
of
socioeconomic,
demographic,
geographic,
and
cultural
boundaries.
Traditional
treatments
have
not
been
deemed
show
degree
efficacy
necessary
address
crisis.
authors
this
review
paper
set
forth
an
unprecedented
in-depth
look
into
multi-factorial
determinants
that
contributed
becoming
multi-faceted.
For
narrative
review/opinion
article,
we
searched
PsychINFO,
PubMed,
Google
Scholar,
Web
Science
databases
identify
relevant
articles
on
topics
including
"opioid
crisis,"
mechanisms,"
"genetics
epigenetics,"
"neuropharmacology,"
"clinical
aspects
treatment
prevention."
Since
was
systematic
selected
could
represent
unitential
bias.
Despite
some
success
achieved
through
Opioid
Substitution
Therapy
(OST)
harm
reduction,
annual
mortality
toll
US
alone
surpasses
106,699
individuals,
figure
expected
climb
165,000
by
2025.
Data
from
Substance
Abuse
Mental
Health
Services
Administration's
(SAMHSA)
National
Survey
Drug
(NSDUH)
reveals
approximately
21.4%
individuals
engaged
illicit
drug
use
2020,
with
40.3
million
aged
12
or
older
experiencing
Use
Disorder
(SUD).
Provisional
figures
Centers
for
Disease
Control
Prevention
(CDC)
indicate
troubling
15%
increase
overdose
deaths
2021,
rising
93,655
2020
107,622,
opioids
accounting
roughly
80,816
these
deaths.
We
advocate
reevaluating
"standard
care"
shifting
towards
inducing
dopamine
homeostasis
manipulating
key
neurotransmitter
systems
within
brain's
reward
cascade.
propose
paradigm
shift
novel
begins
incorporating
Genetic
Addiction
Risk
Severity
(GARS)
testing
assess
pre-addiction
risk
vulnerability
opioid-induced
addiction;
emphasis
should
be
placed
safe
non-addictive
alternatives
like
KB220,
comprehensive
approaches
psychological,
spiritual,
societal
addiction
Awareness
Integration
(AIT).
Human Reproduction Update,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
30(5), P. 529 - 557
Published: May 28, 2024
The
genetic
composition
of
embryos
generated
by
in
vitro
fertilization
(IVF)
can
be
examined
with
preimplantation
testing
(PGT).
Until
recently,
PGT
was
limited
to
detecting
single-gene,
high-risk
pathogenic
variants,
large
structural
and
aneuploidy.
Recent
advances
have
made
genome-wide
genotyping
IVF
feasible
affordable,
raising
the
possibility
screening
for
their
risk
polygenic
diseases
such
as
breast
cancer,
hypertension,
diabetes,
or
schizophrenia.
Despite
a
heated
debate
around
this
new
technology,
called
embryo
(PES;
also
PGT-P),
it
is
already
available
patients
some
countries.
Several
articles
studied
epidemiological,
clinical,
ethical
perspectives
on
PES;
however,
comprehensive,
principled
review
emerging
field
missing.
Journal of Translational Medicine,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
22(1)
Published: Oct. 22, 2024
Coffee
and
tea
consumption
account
for
most
caffeine
intake
2–3
billion
cups
are
taken
daily
around
the
world.
Caffeine
dependence
is
a
widespread
but
under
recognized
problem.
To
conduct
systematic
review
on
genetic
susceptibility
factors
affecting
metabolism
reward
their
association
with
intake.
We
conducted
PubMed
Embase
searches
using
terms
"caffeine",
"reward",
"gene",
"polymorphism",
"addiction",
"dependence"
"habit"
from
inception
till
2024.
The
demographics,
clinical
data
included
studies
were
extracted
analyzed.
Only
case-control
habitual
drinkers
at
least
100
in
each
arm
included.
A
total
of
2552
screened
26
involving
1,851,428
individuals
Several
genes
that
involved
such
as
CYP1A2,
ADORA2A,
AHR,
POR,
ABCG2,
CYP2A6,
PDSS2
HECTD4
rs2074356
(A
allele
specific
to
East
Asians
monomorphic
Europeans,
Africans
Americans)
associated
effect
size
difference
3%
32%
number
caffeinated
drink
per
day
allele.
In
addition,
ALDH2
was
linked
Japanese
population.
Genes
BDNF,
SLC6A4,
GCKR,
MLXIPL
dopaminergic
DRD2
DAT1
which
had
2–5%
day.
up
30%
day,
some
associations
certain
ethnicities.
Identification
at-risk
can
lead
early
diagnosis
stratification
vulnerable
pregnant
women
children,
potentially
development
drug
targets
caffeine.
Abstract
Alcohol
use
disorders
(AUD)
are
commonly
occurring,
heritable
and
polygenic
with
etiological
origins
in
the
brain
environment.
To
outline
causes
consequences
of
alcohol‐related
milestones,
including
AUD,
their
related
psychiatric
comorbidities,
Collaborative
Study
on
Genetics
Alcoholism
(COGA)
was
launched
1989
a
gene‐brain‐behavior
framework.
COGA
is
family
based,
diverse
(~25%
self‐identified
African
American,
~52%
female)
sample,
data
17,878
individuals,
ages
7–97
years,
2246
families
which
proportion
densely
affected
for
AUD.
All
participants
responded
to
questionnaires
(e.g.,
personality)
Semi‐Structured
Assessment
(SSAGA)
gathers
information
diagnoses,
conditions
behaviors
parental
monitoring).
In
addition,
9871
individuals
have
function
from
electroencephalogram
(EEG)
recordings
while
12,009
been
genotyped
genome‐wide
association
study
(GWAS)
arrays.
A
series
functional
genomics
studies
examine
specific
cellular
molecular
mechanisms
underlying
This
overview
provides
framework
development
as
scientific
resource
past
three
decades,
individual
reviews
providing
in‐depth
descriptions
discoveries
behavioral
clinical,
function,
genetic
data.
The
value
also
resides
its
sharing
policies,
efforts
communicate
findings
broader
community
via
project
website
potential
nurture
early
career
investigators
generate
independent
research
that
has
broadened
impact
into
Biological Psychiatry Global Open Science,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
4(1), P. 74 - 82
Published: Oct. 6, 2023
Previous
studies
have
shown
that
brain
volume
is
negatively
associated
with
cigarette
smoking,
but
there
an
ongoing
debate
about
whether
smoking
causes
lowered
or
a
lower
risk
factor
for
smoking.
We
address
this
through
multiple
methods
evaluate
directionality:
Bradford
Hill's
criteria,
which
are
commonly
used
to
understand
causal
relationship
in
epidemiological
studies,
and
mediation
analysis.
Neuropsychopharmacology Reports,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
44(2), P. 361 - 370
Published: March 12, 2024
Abstract
Interoception
is
one
of
the
pivotal
cognitive
functions
for
mechanisms
our
body
awareness,
and
malfunction
interoceptive
network
thought
to
be
associated
with
mental
illness,
including
addiction.
Within
addictive
disorders,
substance‐based
non‐substance‐based
addictions
are
known
hold
dissociable
reward
systems.
However,
little
about
how
awareness
between
these
addiction
sub‐types
would
differ.
Subjective
was
assessed
among
patients
alcohol
use
disorder
(
n
=
50)
who
were
subsequently
hospitalized
or
remained
out‐patient
gambling
41)
by
Body
Awareness
component
Japanese
version
Perception
Questionnaire
(BPQ‐VSFBA‐J)
compared
them
against
healthy
control
809).
Both
groups
showed
significantly
lower
BPQ
than
control,
no
substantial
differences
inpatients
outpatients
samples.
Notably,
scores
those
group.
This
evidence
may
suggest
a
putative
role
ability
on
severity
behavioral
over
The Neuroscientist,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
unknown
Published: Jan. 8, 2025
Interneurons
(INs)
play
a
crucial
role
in
the
regulation
of
neural
activity
within
medial
prefrontal
cortex
(mPFC),
brain
region
critically
involved
executive
functions
and
behavioral
control.
In
recent
preclinical
studies,
dysregulation
INs
mPFC
has
been
implicated
pathophysiology
substance
use
disorder,
characterized
by
vulnerability
to
chronic
drug
use.
Here,
we
explore
diversity
their
connectivity
roles
addiction.
We
also
discuss
how
these
change
over
time
with
exposure.
Finally,
focus
on
noninvasive
stimulation
as
therapeutic
approach
for
targeting
highlighting
its
potential
restore
circuits.
