Apmis,
Journal Year:
2019,
Volume and Issue:
128(2), P. 92 - 103
Published: Nov. 22, 2019
Bacillus
Calmette-Guérin
(BCG)
immunotherapy
for
bladder
cancer
has
been
used
since
1976
when
the
first
evidence
of
its
ability
to
lower
recurrence
and
progression
rates
was
published.
Today,
BCG
is
choice
care
high-grade
non-muscle
invasive
(NMIBC)
after
transurethral
resection.
This
article
presents
indications
procedure
instillations,
outlines
effects
on
NMIBC.
The
BCG-induced
immunity
in
NMIBC
not
yet
fully
understood.
Animal
studies
point
towards
inducing
specific
tumour
immunity.
We
describe
current
knowledge
how
this
induced,
from
internalization
bacilli
urothelial
cells,
cytokine-
chemokine-mediated
recruitment
neutrophils,
monocytes,
macrophages,
T
B
cells
natural
killer
cells.
In
addition,
we
process
trained
immunity,
non-specific
protective
BCG.
Recent
also
indicate
that
dysbiosis
urinary
microbiome
may
cause
tract
dysfunction.
Side
instillations
range
common,
mild
transient
symptoms,
such
as
dysuria
flu-like
more
severe
rarely
occurring
life-threatening
complications.
review
literature
give
an
overview
reported
incidences
management
infections
intravesical
instillation.
JAMA,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
324(19), P. 1980 - 1980
Published: Nov. 17, 2020
Bladder
cancer
is
a
common
malignancy
in
women
and
the
fourth
most
men.
ranges
from
unaggressive
usually
noninvasive
tumors
that
recur
commit
patients
to
long-term
invasive
surveillance,
aggressive
with
high
disease-specific
mortality.Advanced
age,
male
sex,
cigarette
smoking
contribute
development
of
bladder
cancer.
can
present
gross
or
microscopic
hematuria,
which
evaluated
cystoscopy
upper
tract
imaging
depending
on
degree
hematuria
risk
malignancy.
Non-muscle-invasive
are
treated
endoscopic
resection
adjuvant
intravesical
therapy,
classification.
Enhanced
includes
technology
used
improve
detection
reduce
recurrence.
Patients
high-risk
non-muscle
do
not
respond
therapy
standard-of-care
immunotherapy,
bacille
Calmette-Guérin
(BCG),
constitute
challenging
patient
population
manage
many
alternative
therapies
being
studied.
For
muscle-invasive
disease,
more
radical
cystectomy
urinary
diversion
trimodal
maximal
resection,
radiosensitizing
chemotherapy,
radiation
warranted
curb
metastasis
mortality.
Treatment
advanced
disease
undergoing
rapid
changes
as
immunotherapy
checkpoint
inhibitors,
targeted
therapies,
antibody-drug
conjugates
have
become
options
for
certain
various
stages
disease.Improved
understanding
molecular
biology
genetics
has
evolved
way
localized
diagnosed
treated.
While
BCG
remained
mainstay
intermediate
non-muscle-invasive
cancer,
therapeutic
expanded
include
inhibition,
conjugates.
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
129, P. 110393 - 110393
Published: June 16, 2020
Over
30
years'
successful
application
of
Bacillus
Calmette
Guerin
(BCG)
to
the
clinical
treatment
bladder
cancer
has
proved
it
one
most
promising
immunotherapies
for
cancer.
However,
applications
and
achievements
have
failed
uncover
mechanism
BCG
works
on
fully.
Clinically,
administration
patients
results
in
no
effect,
or
apparent
resistance,
even
severe
adverse
reactions,
which
are
inexplicable.
At
present,
widely
confirmed
accepted
immunity
fall
processes
absorption
after
instillation
BCG,
internalization
cytokine
release
induced
by
a
series
signal
transduction
pathways,
effect
stage
innate
acquired
immune
responses.
Nonetheless,
limited
ascertainments
action
cannot
fully
explain
phenomenon
caused
BCG.
Therefore,
other
mechanisms
remained
research
hotspot
aiming
explore
more
targeted
treatments
initiate
new
therapeutic
methods
avoiding
harm.
By
summarizing
recent
cancer,
this
review
aims
provide
clues
researchers
quest
valuable
ideas.
Cancer Immunology Immunotherapy,
Journal Year:
2019,
Volume and Issue:
69(1), P. 3 - 14
Published: Dec. 6, 2019
With
the
introduction
of
multiple
new
agents,
role
immunotherapy
is
rapidly
expanding
across
all
malignancies.
Bladder
cancer
known
to
be
immunogenic
and
responsive
including
intravesical
BCG
immune
checkpoint
inhibitors.
Multiple
trials
have
addressed
inhibitors
in
advanced
bladder
cancer,
atezolizumab,
avelumab,
durvalumab,
nivolumab
pembrolizumab
(all
targeting
PD1/PD-L1
pathway).
While
these
demonstrated
promising
results
improvements
over
existing
therapies,
less
than
half
patients
with
disease
demonstrate
clinical
benefit
from
inhibitor
therapy.
Recent
breakthroughs
biology
immunology
led
an
improved
understanding
influence
tumor
microenvironment
on
host's
system.
It
appears
that
tumors
promote
formation
highly
immunosuppressive
microenvironments
preventing
generation
effective
anti-tumor
response
through
mechanisms.
Therefore,
reconditioning
restoration
competent
essential
for
achieving
optimal
efficacy
immunotherapy.
In
this
review,
we
aim
discuss
major
mechanisms
evasion
highlight
novel
pathways
molecular
targets
may
help
attenuate
tumor-induced
tolerance,
overcome
resistance
improve
outcomes.
Nature Reviews Urology,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
18(10), P. 611 - 622
Published: June 15, 2021
Bacillus
Calmette-Guérin
(BCG)
is
the
most
widely
used
vaccine
worldwide
and
has
been
to
prevent
tuberculosis
for
a
century.
BCG
also
stimulates
an
anti-tumour
immune
response,
which
urologists
have
harnessed
treatment
of
non-muscle-invasive
bladder
cancer.
A
growing
body
evidence
indicates
that
offers
protection
against
various
non-mycobacterial
viral
infections.
The
non-specific
effects
occur
via
induction
trained
immunity
form
basis
hypothesis
vaccination
could
be
protect
severity
coronavirus
disease
2019
(COVID-19).
This
Perspective
article
highlights
key
milestones
in
100-year
history
projects
its
potential
role
COVID-19
pandemic.
