Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
117(31), P. 18627 - 18637
Published: July 17, 2020
Significance
Bacillus
Calmette–Guérin
(BCG)
therapy
is
one
of
the
oldest
tumor
immunotherapies,
but
its
mechanism
remains
unknown.
Herein
we
show
that
BCG
induces
tumor-specific
T
cell-dependent
immunity
predominantly
mediated
by
CD4
cells
in
a
manner
distinct
from
other
immunotherapies.
These
immunologic
insights
may
allow
investigation
into
biomarkers
could
predict
efficacy
human
cancer
patients.
JAMA,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
324(19), P. 1980 - 1980
Published: Nov. 17, 2020
Bladder
cancer
is
a
common
malignancy
in
women
and
the
fourth
most
men.
ranges
from
unaggressive
usually
noninvasive
tumors
that
recur
commit
patients
to
long-term
invasive
surveillance,
aggressive
with
high
disease-specific
mortality.Advanced
age,
male
sex,
cigarette
smoking
contribute
development
of
bladder
cancer.
can
present
gross
or
microscopic
hematuria,
which
evaluated
cystoscopy
upper
tract
imaging
depending
on
degree
hematuria
risk
malignancy.
Non-muscle-invasive
are
treated
endoscopic
resection
adjuvant
intravesical
therapy,
classification.
Enhanced
includes
technology
used
improve
detection
reduce
recurrence.
Patients
high-risk
non-muscle
do
not
respond
therapy
standard-of-care
immunotherapy,
bacille
Calmette-Guérin
(BCG),
constitute
challenging
patient
population
manage
many
alternative
therapies
being
studied.
For
muscle-invasive
disease,
more
radical
cystectomy
urinary
diversion
trimodal
maximal
resection,
radiosensitizing
chemotherapy,
radiation
warranted
curb
metastasis
mortality.
Treatment
advanced
disease
undergoing
rapid
changes
as
immunotherapy
checkpoint
inhibitors,
targeted
therapies,
antibody-drug
conjugates
have
become
options
for
certain
various
stages
disease.Improved
understanding
molecular
biology
genetics
has
evolved
way
localized
diagnosed
treated.
While
BCG
remained
mainstay
intermediate
non-muscle-invasive
cancer,
therapeutic
expanded
include
inhibition,
conjugates.
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
129, P. 110393 - 110393
Published: June 16, 2020
Over
30
years'
successful
application
of
Bacillus
Calmette
Guerin
(BCG)
to
the
clinical
treatment
bladder
cancer
has
proved
it
one
most
promising
immunotherapies
for
cancer.
However,
applications
and
achievements
have
failed
uncover
mechanism
BCG
works
on
fully.
Clinically,
administration
patients
results
in
no
effect,
or
apparent
resistance,
even
severe
adverse
reactions,
which
are
inexplicable.
At
present,
widely
confirmed
accepted
immunity
fall
processes
absorption
after
instillation
BCG,
internalization
cytokine
release
induced
by
a
series
signal
transduction
pathways,
effect
stage
innate
acquired
immune
responses.
Nonetheless,
limited
ascertainments
action
cannot
fully
explain
phenomenon
caused
BCG.
Therefore,
other
mechanisms
remained
research
hotspot
aiming
explore
more
targeted
treatments
initiate
new
therapeutic
methods
avoiding
harm.
By
summarizing
recent
cancer,
this
review
aims
provide
clues
researchers
quest
valuable
ideas.
Cancer Immunology Immunotherapy,
Journal Year:
2019,
Volume and Issue:
69(1), P. 3 - 14
Published: Dec. 6, 2019
With
the
introduction
of
multiple
new
agents,
role
immunotherapy
is
rapidly
expanding
across
all
malignancies.
Bladder
cancer
known
to
be
immunogenic
and
responsive
including
intravesical
BCG
immune
checkpoint
inhibitors.
Multiple
trials
have
addressed
inhibitors
in
advanced
bladder
cancer,
atezolizumab,
avelumab,
durvalumab,
nivolumab
pembrolizumab
(all
targeting
PD1/PD-L1
pathway).
While
these
demonstrated
promising
results
improvements
over
existing
therapies,
less
than
half
patients
with
disease
demonstrate
clinical
benefit
from
inhibitor
therapy.
Recent
breakthroughs
biology
immunology
led
an
improved
understanding
influence
tumor
microenvironment
on
host's
system.
It
appears
that
tumors
promote
formation
highly
immunosuppressive
microenvironments
preventing
generation
effective
anti-tumor
response
through
mechanisms.
Therefore,
reconditioning
restoration
competent
essential
for
achieving
optimal
efficacy
immunotherapy.
In
this
review,
we
aim
discuss
major
mechanisms
evasion
highlight
novel
pathways
molecular
targets
may
help
attenuate
tumor-induced
tolerance,
overcome
resistance
improve
outcomes.
