Vaccines elicit highly conserved cellular immunity to SARS-CoV-2 Omicron

Nature, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 603(7901), P. 493 - 496

Published: Jan. 31, 2022

Abstract The highly mutated SARS-CoV-2 Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant has been shown to evade a substantial fraction of neutralizing antibody responses elicited by current vaccines that encode the WA1/2020 spike protein 1 . Cellular immune responses, particularly CD8 + T cell probably contribute protection against severe infection 2–6 Here we show cellular immunity induced is conserved protein. Individuals who received Ad26.COV2.S or BNT162b2 demonstrated durable spike-specific and CD4 which showed extensive cross-reactivity both Delta variants, including in central effector memory subpopulations. Median were 82–84% responses. These data provide immunological context for observation still robust disease with despite substantially reduced 7,8

Language: Английский

---

Divergent SARS-CoV-2 Omicron–reactive T and B cell responses in COVID-19 vaccine recipients

Science Immunology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 7(69)

Published: Feb. 3, 2022

The severe acute respiratory distress syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron variant is spreading rapidly, even in vaccinated individuals, raising concerns about immune escape. Here, we studied neutralizing antibodies and T cell responses targeting SARS-CoV-2 D614G [wild type (WT)] the Beta, Delta, variants of concern a cohort 60 health care workers after immunization with ChAdOx-1 S, Ad26.COV2.S, mRNA-1273, or BNT162b2. High binding antibody levels against WT spike (S) were detected 28 days vaccination both mRNA vaccines (mRNA-1273 BNT162b2), which substantially decreased 6 months. In contrast, lower Ad26.COV2.S but did not wane. Neutralization assays showed consistent cross-neutralization Beta Delta variants, neutralization was significantly absent. BNT162b2 booster either two mRNA-1273 immunizations Ad26.COV2 priming partially restored variant, still up to 17-fold compared WT. SARS-CoV-2-specific cells months all regimens, more detection specific CD4

Language: Английский

---

Covid-19 Vaccines — Immunity, Variants, Boosters

New England Journal of Medicine, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 387(11), P. 1011 - 1020

Published: Aug. 31, 2022

T he coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic has claimed an estimated 15 million lives, including more than 1 lives in the United States alone.The rapid development of multiple Covid-19 vaccines been a triumph biomedical research, and billions vaccine doses have administered worldwide.Challenges facing field include inequitable distribution, hesitancy, waning immunity, emergence highly transmissible viral variants that partially escape antibodies.This review summarizes current state knowledge about immune responses to importance both humoral cellular immunity for durable protection against severe disease. A nti v ir l Immunit yThe system is broadly divided into innate adaptive systems.Innate are first line defense viruses rapidly triggered when pattern-recognition receptors, such as toll-like recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns.Innate antiviral includes secretion type I interferons, cytokines, certain responses, neutrophils, monocytes macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells. Adaptive second viruses, involve antigen-specific recognition epitopes.Adaptive two complementary branches system: immunity.Humoral acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibodies bind SARS-CoV-2 spike protein either neutralize virus or eliminate it through other effector mechanisms. 2,3ellular virus-specific B cells which provide long-term immunologic memory expand on reexposure antigen.B produce antibodies, CD8+ directly virally infected CD4+ help support responses.5][6][7] For variant largely escapes neutralizing may be particularly important longterm

Language: Английский

---

Population Immunity and Covid-19 Severity with Omicron Variant in South Africa

New England Journal of Medicine, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 386(14), P. 1314 - 1326

Published: Feb. 23, 2022

The B.1.1.529 (omicron) variant of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was first identified on November 25, 2021, in Gauteng province, South Africa. Data regarding the seroprevalence SARS-CoV-2 IgG before fourth wave disease 2019 (Covid-19), which omicron dominant, are needed.

Language: Английский

---

COVID-19 vaccine development: milestones, lessons and prospects

Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 7(1)

Published: May 3, 2022

Abstract With the constantly mutating of SARS-CoV-2 and emergence Variants Concern (VOC), implementation vaccination is critically important. Existing vaccines mainly include inactivated, live attenuated, viral vector, protein subunit, RNA, DNA, virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines. Viral vector vaccines, subunit mRNA may induce additional cellular or humoral immune regulations, including Th cell responses germinal center responses, form relevant memory cells, greatly improving their efficiency. However, some be associated with complications like thrombocytopenia myocarditis, raising concerns about safety these COVID-19 Here, we systemically assess efficacy possible different effects on pregnant women, elderly, people diseases acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), transplant recipients, cancer patients. Based current analysis, governments agencies are recommended to continue advance vaccine immunization process. Simultaneously, special attention should paid health status timely treatment complications, development, ensuring lives In addition, available measures such as mix-and-match vaccination, developing new nanoparticle optimizing adjuvant improve could considered.

Language: Английский

---

Cross-reactive CD4 ⁺ T cells enhance SARS-CoV-2 immune responses upon infection and vaccination

Science, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 374(6564)

Published: Aug. 31, 2021

The functional relevance of preexisting cross-immunity to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a subject intense debate. Here, we show that human endemic (HCoV)–reactive and SARS-CoV-2–cross-reactive CD4+ T cells are ubiquitous but decrease with age. We identified universal immunodominant coronavirus-specific spike peptide (S816-830) demonstrate spike- S816-830–reactive were recruited into immune responses SARS-CoV-2 infection their frequency correlated anti–SARS-CoV-2-S1-IgG antibodies. Spike–cross-reactive also activated after primary BNT162b2 COVID-19 messenger RNA vaccination displayed kinetics similar those secondary responses. Our results highlight the contribution spike–cross-reactive in vaccination. Cross-reactive immunity may account for unexpectedly rapid induction immunization high rate asymptomatic or mild disease courses.

Language: Английский

---

Respiratory mucosal delivery of next-generation COVID-19 vaccine provides robust protection against both ancestral and variant strains of SARS-CoV-2

Cell, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 185(5), P. 896 - 915.e19

Published: Feb. 9, 2022

The emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) threaten the effectiveness current COVID-19 vaccines administered intramuscularly and designed to only target spike protein. There is a pressing need develop next-generation vaccine strategies for broader long-lasting protection. Using adenoviral vectors (Ad) human chimpanzee origin, we evaluated Ad-vectored trivalent expressing spike-1, nucleocapsid, RdRp antigens in murine models. We show that single-dose intranasal immunization, particularly with vaccine, superior intramuscular immunization induction tripartite protective immunity consisting local systemic antibody responses, mucosal tissue-resident memory T cells trained innate immunity. further provides protection against both ancestral two VOC, B.1.1.7 B.1.351. Our findings indicate respiratory delivery multivalent represents an effective strategy induce all-around future VOC.

Language: Английский

---

Correlates of protection against SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and COVID‐19 disease

Immunological Reviews, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 310(1), P. 6 - 26

Published: June 5, 2022

Antibodies against epitopes in S1 give the most accurate CoP infection by SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. Measurement of those antibodies neutralization or binding assays both have predictive value, with antibody titers giving highest statistical correlation. However, protective functions are multiple. multiple other than influence efficacy. The role cellular responses can be discerned respect to CD4

Language: Английский

---

Impact of circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants on mRNA vaccine-induced immunity

Nature, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 600(7889), P. 523 - 529

Published: Oct. 11, 2021

The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants with mutations in major neutralizing antibody-binding sites can affect humoral immunity induced by infection or vaccination1-6. Here we analysed the development anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody and T cell responses individuals who were previously infected (recovered) uninfected (naive) received mRNA vaccines to SARS-CoV-2. While sustained higher titres than post-vaccination, latter reached comparable levels neutralization ancestral strain after second vaccine dose. activation markers measured upon spike nucleocapsid peptide vitro stimulation showed a progressive increase vaccination. Comprehensive analysis plasma using 16 authentic isolates distinct locally circulating revealed range reduction capacity associated specific gene: lineages E484K N501Y/T (for example, B.1.351 P.1) had greatest reduction, followed L452R B.1.617.2). both groups retained against all variants, from vaccinated displayed overall better also two doses, pointing boosters as relevant future strategy alleviate effect emerging on activity.

Language: Английский

---

SARS-COV-2 Variants: Differences and Potential of Immune Evasion

Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 11

Published: Jan. 18, 2022

The structural spike (S) glycoprotein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) plays an essential role in infection and is important target for neutralizing antibody recognition. Mutations the S gene can generate variants concern (VOCs), which improve "viral fitness" through selective or survival advantages, such as increased ACE-2 receptor affinity, infectivity, viral replication, higher transmissibility, resistance to antibodies immune escape, increasing disease severity reinfection risk. Five VOCs have been recognized include B.1.1.7 (U.K.), B.1.351 (South Africa), P.1 (Brazil), B.1.617.2 (India), B.1.1.529 (multiple countries). In this review, we addressed following critical points concerning VOCs: a) characteristics SARS-CoV-2 with mutations gene; b) possible evasion from generated vaccination, previous infection, therapies; c) potential risk new pandemic waves induced by worldwide; d) perspectives further studies actions aimed at preventing reducing impact during current COVID-19 pandemic.

Language: Английский

---