Long-term complications of COVID-19

AJP Cell Physiology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 322(1), P. C1 - C11

Published: Nov. 24, 2021

SARS-CoV-2 has rapidly spread across the globe and infected hundreds of millions people worldwide. As our experience with this virus continues to grow, understanding both short-term long-term complications infection grow as well. Just there is heterogeneity in acute infectious phase, seen following COVID-19 illness. The purpose review article present current literature regards epidemiology, pathophysiology, proposed management algorithms for various sequelae that have been observed each organ system SARS-CoV-2. We will also consider future directions, newer variants their potential impact on observed.

Language: Английский

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Distinguishing features of current COVID-19 vaccines: knowns and unknowns of antigen presentation and modes of action

npj Vaccines, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 6(1)

Published: Aug. 16, 2021

COVID-19 vaccines were developed with an unprecedented pace since the beginning of pandemic. Several them have reached market authorization and mass production, leading to their global application on a large scale. This enormous progress was achieved fundamentally different vaccine technologies used in parallel. mRNA, adenoviral vector as well inactivated whole-virus are now widespread use, subunit is final stage authorization. They all rely native viral spike protein (S) SARS-CoV-2 for inducing potently neutralizing antibodies, but presentation this key antigen immune system differs substantially between categories vaccines. In article, we review relevance structural modifications S modes expression after vaccination genetic adenovirus-vector mRNA Distinguishing characteristics unknown features highlighted context protective antibody responses reactogenicity

Language: Английский

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Increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection associated with emergence of Omicron in South Africa

medRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory), Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Nov. 11, 2021

Summary Introduction Globally, there have been more than 404 million cases of SARS-CoV-2, with 5.8 confirmed deaths, as February 2022. South Africa has experienced four waves SARS-CoV-2 transmission, the second, third, and fourth being driven by Beta, Delta, Omicron variants, respectively. A key question emergence new variants is extent to which they are able reinfect those who had a prior natural infection. Rationale We developed two approaches monitor routine epidemiological surveillance data examine whether reinfection risk changed through time in Africa, context Beta (B.1.351), Delta (B.1.617.2), (B.1.1.529) variants. analyze line list on positive tests for specimen receipt dates between 04 March 2020 31 January 2022, collected Africa’s National Notifiable Medical Conditions Surveillance System. Individuals having sequential at least 90 days apart were considered suspected reinfections. Our monitoring included comparison rates expectation under null model (approach 1) estimation time-varying hazards infection throughout epidemic 2) based model-based reconstruction susceptible populations eligible primary second infections. Results 105,323 reinfections identified among 2,942,248 individuals laboratory-confirmed test result The number observed end third wave September 2021 was consistent no change 1). Although increases hazard following introduction both corresponding increase 2). Contrary expectation, estimated ratio versus lower during first (relative 2 1: 0.71 (CI 95 : 0.60–0.85); 3 0.54 0.45–0.64)). In contrast, recent spread variant associated an coefficient. 1 1.75 1.48–2.10) period (01 November 30 2021) 1.70 1.44–2.04) 4 1. since 01 infections all three waves, detected mid-November 2021. Many experiencing (Delta) that ended 2021, strongly suggesting these resulted from immune evasion rather waning immunity. Conclusion Population-level evidence suggests substantial ability evade immunity population-wide escape or This finding important implications public health planning, particularly countries like high Further development methods track pathogen emergence, including refinements assess impact immunity, account vaccine-derived protection, multiple will be tool future pandemic preparedness.

Language: Английский

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COVID-19 vaccine development: milestones, lessons and prospects

Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 7(1)

Published: May 3, 2022

Abstract With the constantly mutating of SARS-CoV-2 and emergence Variants Concern (VOC), implementation vaccination is critically important. Existing vaccines mainly include inactivated, live attenuated, viral vector, protein subunit, RNA, DNA, virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines. Viral vector vaccines, subunit mRNA may induce additional cellular or humoral immune regulations, including Th cell responses germinal center responses, form relevant memory cells, greatly improving their efficiency. However, some be associated with complications like thrombocytopenia myocarditis, raising concerns about safety these COVID-19 Here, we systemically assess efficacy possible different effects on pregnant women, elderly, people diseases acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), transplant recipients, cancer patients. Based current analysis, governments agencies are recommended to continue advance vaccine immunization process. Simultaneously, special attention should paid health status timely treatment complications, development, ensuring lives In addition, available measures such as mix-and-match vaccination, developing new nanoparticle optimizing adjuvant improve could considered.

Language: Английский

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Neutralising antibody titres as predictors of protection against SARS-CoV-2 variants and the impact of boosting: a meta-analysis

The Lancet Microbe, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 3(1), P. e52 - e61

Published: Nov. 15, 2021

Several SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern have been identified that partly escape serum neutralisation elicited by current vaccines. Studies also shown vaccines demonstrate reduced protection against symptomatic infection with variants. We explored whether in-vitro titres remain predictive vaccine from variants.In this meta-analysis, we analysed published data 24 studies on and clinical to understand the loss existing concern. integrated results analysis into our statistical model relating (parameterised ancestral virus infection) estimate efficacy boosting responses use predict impact booster vaccination variants.The neutralising activity was highly Decreases in titre alpha (1·6-fold), beta (8·8-fold), gamma (3·5-fold), delta (3·9-fold) (compared virus) were not significantly different between Neutralisation remained strongly correlated (rS=0·81, p=0·0005) once decreases incorporated. Modelling predicted over time suggested might decrease below 50% within first year after for some Boosting previously infected individuals (which target is provide a higher degree than primary schedules alone.In-vitro correlate modelling effects waning immunity predicts vaccination. However, should enable achieved vaccination, which robust severe outcomes concern, at least medium term.The National Health Medical Research Council (Australia), Future Fund Victorian Government.

Language: Английский

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Evolution of enhanced innate immune evasion by SARS-CoV-2

Nature, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 602(7897), P. 487 - 495

Published: Dec. 23, 2021

The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants concern suggests viral adaptation to enhance human-to-human transmission

Language: Английский

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Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron by BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine–elicited human sera

Science, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 375(6581), P. 678 - 680

Published: Feb. 10, 2022

The globally circulating severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variant of concern Omicron (B.1.1.529) has a large number mutations, especially in the spike protein, indicating that recognition by neutralizing antibodies may be compromised. We tested Wuhan (Wuhan-Hu-1 reference strain), Beta (B.1.351), Delta (B.1.617.2), or pseudoviruses with sera 51 participants who received two three doses messenger RNA (mRNA)-based COVID-19 vaccine BNT162b2. After doses, Omicron-neutralizing titers were reduced >22-fold compared Wuhan-neutralizing titers. One month after third dose, increased 23-fold relative to their levels and similar doses. requirement dose effectively neutralize was confirmed from subset using live SARS-CoV-2. These data suggest mRNA BNT162b2 protect against Omicron-mediated COVID-19.

Language: Английский

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Mechanisms of innate and adaptive immunity to the Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 vaccine

Nature Immunology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 23(4), P. 543 - 555

Published: March 14, 2022

Language: Английский

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Multiple pathways for SARS-CoV-2 resistance to nirmatrelvir

Nature, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 613(7944), P. 558 - 564

Published: Nov. 9, 2022

Nirmatrelvir, an oral antiviral targeting the 3CL protease of SARS-CoV-2, has been demonstrated to be clinically useful against COVID-19 (refs. 1,2). However, because SARS-CoV-2 evolved become resistant other therapeutic modalities3-9, there is a concern that same could occur for nirmatrelvir. Here we examined this possibility by in vitro passaging nirmatrelvir using two independent approaches, including one on large scale. Indeed, highly viruses emerged from both and their sequences showed multitude mutations. In experiment peformed with many replicates, 53 viral lineages were selected mutations observed at 23 different residues enzyme. Nevertheless, several common mutational pathways resistance preferred, majority descending T21I, P252L or T304I as precursor Construction analysis 13 recombinant clones these mediated only low-level resistance, whereas greater required accumulation additional E166V mutation conferred strongest (around 100-fold), but resulted loss replicative fitness was restored compensatory changes such L50F T21I. Our findings indicate does readily arise via multiple vitro, specific herein form strong foundation which study mechanism detail inform design next-generation inhibitors.

Language: Английский

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A CRISPR/Cas12a-empowered surface plasmon resonance platform for rapid and specific diagnosis of the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2

National Science Review, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 9(8)

Published: June 3, 2022

The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic was partially due to challenge identifying asymptomatic and presymptomatic carriers virus, thus highlights a strong motivation for diagnostics with high sensitivity that can be rapidly deployed. On other hand, several concerning SARS-CoV-2 variants, including Omicron, are required identified as soon samples 'positive'. Unfortunately, traditional PCR test does not allow their specific identification. Herein, first time, we have developed MOPCS (Methodologies Photonic CRISPR Sensing), which combines an optical sensing technology-surface plasmon resonance (SPR) 'gene scissors' clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) technique achieve both specificity when it comes measurement viral variants. is low-cost, CRISPR/Cas12a-system-empowered SPR gene-detecting platform analyze RNA, without need amplification, within 38 min from sample input results output, limit detection 15 fM. achieves highly sensitive analysis SARS-CoV-2, mutations appear in variants B.1.617.2 (Delta), B.1.1.529 (Omicron) BA.1 (a subtype Omicron). This also used some recently collected patient local China, by Centers Disease Control Prevention. innovative CRISPR-empowered will further contribute fast, accurate target nucleic acid sequences single-base mutations.

Language: Английский

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