Identifying
cognitive
strategies
in
problem-solving
helps
researchers
understand
advanced
processes
and
the
contexts
which
each
strategy
is
applicable.
Current
methods
typically
identify
for
item,
allowing
only
observation
of
between-item
switching
(CSS).
Although
within-item
CSS
recognized,
to
dynamically
reveal
it
are
lacking.
This
study
introduces
concept
an
eye
movement
snippet,
a
basic
unit
studying
CSS,
along
with
new
eye-tracking
process
measure
that
quantifies
sequence
length
alternatives
viewed
snippet.
Combined
hidden
Markov
modeling,
we
propose
method
identifying
revealing
their
switching.
Using
data
from
matrix
reasoning
test,
demonstrate
value
proposed
through
series
analyses.
The
results
indicate
during
problem-solving:
(1)
participants
predominantly
used
two
strategies—constructive
matching
response
elimination;
(2)
there
high
probability
constructive
elimination,
but
not
vice
versa;
(3)
more
difficult
items
lead
frequent
switching;
(4)
decreases
time
spent
area
on
planning;
(5)
correlates
incorrect
answers
some
items;
(6)
increases
total
time.
Additionally,
showed
three
distinct
patterns
as
test
progressed,
significant
differences
participants'
intelligence
levels
among
patterns.
Overall,
effectively
identifies
tasks.
Scientific Reports,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
15(1)
Published: March 7, 2025
The
problem-solving
abilities
of
Large
Language
Models
(LLMs)
have
become
a
major
focus
research
across
various
STEM
fields,
including
mathematics
and
physics.
Substantial
progress
has
been
made
in
both
measuring
enhancing
these
abilities.
Among
the
multitude
ways
to
advance
space
engineering
research,
one
promising
direction
is
application
LLMs
foundational
models
aiding
solving
Ph.D.
level
problems.
To
understand
full
potential
astrodynamics,
we
developed
first
Astrodynamics
Problems
Benchmark
(APBench)
evaluate
capabilities
this
field.
We
crafted
for
time
collection
questions
answers
that
range
wide
variety
subfields
astronautics,
engineering.
On
top
dataset
built
engineering,
performance
models,
open
source
closed
ones,
validate
their
current
paving
road
further
advancements
towards
definition
intelligence
space.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
122(12)
Published: March 17, 2025
What
constitutes
a
language?
Natural
languages
share
features
with
other
domains:
from
math,
to
music,
gesture.
However,
the
brain
mechanisms
that
process
linguistic
input
are
highly
specialized,
showing
little
response
diverse
nonlinguistic
tasks.
Here,
we
examine
constructed
(conlangs)
ask
whether
they
draw
on
same
neural
as
natural
or
instead
pattern
domains
like
math
and
programming
languages.
Using
individual-subject
fMRI
analyses,
show
understanding
conlangs
recruits
areas
language
comprehension.
This
result
holds
for
Esperanto
(n
=
19
speakers)
four
fictional
[Klingon
10),
Na’vi
9),
High
Valyrian
3),
Dothraki
3)].
These
findings
suggest
critical
allow
them
representations
computations,
implemented
in
left-lateralized
network
of
areas.
The
differentiate
languages—including
recent
creation
by
single
individual,
often
an
esoteric
purpose,
small
number
speakers,
fact
these
typically
learned
adulthood—appear
not
be
consequential
reliance
cognitive
mechanisms.
We
argue
shared
feature
is
symbolic
systems
capable
expressing
open-ended
range
meanings
about
our
outer
inner
worlds.
Journal of Intercultural Communication,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
unknown, P. 17 - 28
Published: March 10, 2025
For
several
decades,
the
use
of
internet
to
frame
stories
has
posed
significant
challenges
for
conventional
media
houses
globally,
including
in
South
Africa.
Moreover,
what
remains
largely
unexplored
is
impact
using
Indigenous
languages
cover
international
events
on
social
platforms
To
address
this
research
gap,
study
examines
framing
strategies
employed
by
African
Broadcasting
Corporation
(SABC)
Mafhungo
X
account
(formerly
Twitter)
its
Tshivenḓa-language
coverage
BRICS
Summit
2023.
It
also
explores
how
online
audiences
engaged
with
and
responded
coverage.
Guided
Entman’s
theory,
employs
a
qualitative
content
analysis
selected
sample
tweets
identify
themes,
narratives,
linguistic
frames
used
Additionally,
sentiment
was
conducted
assess
public
engagement
perception
through
news
discourse.
Findings
reveal
that
SABC
diverse
range
frames,
economic
development,
regional
cooperation,
technological
innovations,
health,
electricity,
expansion.
These
were
found
resonate
strongly
predominantly
Tshivenḓa-speaking
audience,
contributing
positive
increased
X.
The
concludes
language
global
enhances
engagement,
broadens
representation,
dominant
English-centric
narratives
digital
spaces.
findings
underscore
importance
inclusivity
discourse
suggest
similar
approaches
could
be
adopted
promote
other
marginalized
communication.
Schizophrenia Research,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
279, P. 22 - 30
Published: March 30, 2025
People
with
schizophrenia
experience
significant
language
disturbances
that
profoundly
affect
their
everyday
social
interactions.
Given
its
relevance
to
the
referential
function
of
language,
aberrations
in
pronoun
use
are
particular
interest
study
schizophrenia.
This
systematic
review
and
meta-analysis,
adhering
PRISMA
guidelines,
examines
frequency
PubMed,
PsycINFO,
Scopus,
Google
Scholar,
Web
Science
were
searched
up
May
1,
2024.
All
studies
analyzing
various
spoken
contexts
included.
Bias
was
assessed
using
a
modified
Newcastle-Ottawa
Scale.
A
Bayesian
meta-analysis
model
averaging
estimated
effect
sizes
moderating
factors.
13
n
=
917
unique
participants
case-control
contrasts
37.9
%
patient
samples
women,
weighted
mean
(SD)
age
34.45
(9.72)
years.
53.85
languages
other
than
English.
We
report
medium-sized
for
first-person
impairment
(model-averaged
d
0.89,
95
CrI
(0.44,
1.33)).
There
heterogeneity
moderated
by
age.
Evidence
publication
bias
weak,
strong
support
after
accounting
heterogeneity.
small
reduction
inter-individual
variability
patients
compared
healthy
controls
(lnCVR
-0.12,
[-0.35,
-0.13]).
While
all
also
high
patients,
this
not
robust
due
bias.
Individuals
excessively
pronouns.
may
be
marker
disturbed
sense
self
illness.
