Diagnostics,
Journal Year:
2019,
Volume and Issue:
9(3), P. 80 - 80
Published: July 20, 2019
The
underlying
molecular
basis
of
myalgic
encephalomyelitis/chronic
fatigue
syndrome
(ME/CFS)
is
not
well
understood.
Characterized
by
chronic,
unexplained
fatigue,
a
disabling
payback
following
exertion
(“post-exertional
malaise”),
and
variably
presenting
multi-system
symptoms,
ME/CFS
complex
disease,
which
demands
concerted
biomedical
investigation
from
disparate
fields
expertise.
research
patient
treatment
have
been
challenged
the
lack
diagnostic
biomarkers
finding
these
prominent
direction
current
work.
Despite
challenges,
modern
demonstrates
tangible
for
disorder
across
many
body
systems.
This
evidence
mostly
comprised
disturbances
to
immunological
inflammatory
pathways,
autonomic
neurological
dysfunction,
abnormalities
in
muscle
mitochondrial
function,
shifts
metabolism,
gut
physiology
or
microbiota
disturbances.
It
possible
that
threads
are
together
entangled
as
parts
an
pathology
reflecting
far-reaching
homeostatic
shift.
Due
variability
non-overlapping
symptom
presentation
precipitating
events,
such
infection
other
bodily
stresses,
initiation
body-wide
pathological
cascades
with
similar
outcomes
stemming
different
causes
may
be
implicated
condition.
Patient
stratification
account
this
heterogeneity
therefore
one
important
consideration
during
exploration
potential
developments.
Annual Review of Immunology,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
39(1), P. 449 - 479
Published: April 26, 2021
The
immune
system
has
coevolved
with
extensive
microbial
communities
living
on
barrier
sites
that
are
collectively
known
as
the
microbiota.
It
is
increasingly
clear
antigens
and
metabolites
engage
in
a
constant
dialogue
system,
leading
to
microbiota-specific
responses
occur
absence
of
inflammation.
This
form
homeostatic
immunity
encompasses
many
arms
immunity,
including
B
cell
responses,
innate-like
T
cells,
conventional
helper
regulatory
responses.
In
this
review
we
summarize
examples
adaptive
microbiota,
focusing
fundamental
aspects
commensal
recognition
across
different
sites.
Furthermore,
explore
how
cross
talk
established
during
development,
emphasizing
critical
temporal
windows
establish
long-term
function.
Finally,
highlight
dysregulation
microbiota
can
lead
inflammation
disease,
pinpoint
outstanding
questions
controversies
regarding
system–microbiota
interactions.
Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy,
Journal Year:
2019,
Volume and Issue:
4(1)
Published: Oct. 11, 2019
Abstract
The
trillions
of
microorganisms
in
the
gut
microbiome
have
attracted
much
attention
recently
owing
to
their
sophisticated
and
widespread
impacts
on
numerous
aspects
host
pathophysiology.
Remarkable
progress
large-scale
sequencing
mass
spectrometry
has
increased
our
understanding
influence
and/or
its
metabolites
onset
progression
extraintestinal
cancers
efficacy
cancer
immunotherapy.
Given
plasticity
microbial
composition
function,
microbial-based
therapeutic
interventions,
including
dietary
modulation,
prebiotics,
probiotics,
as
well
fecal
transplantation,
potentially
permit
development
novel
strategies
for
therapy
improve
clinical
outcomes.
Herein,
we
summarize
latest
evidence
involvement
immunity
metabolism,
effects
immune
response,
modulate
microbiome,
discuss
ongoing
studies
future
areas
research
that
deserve
focused
efforts.
Science Immunology,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
7(69)
Published: March 18, 2022
Transforming
growth
factor-β1
(TGF-β1)
is
inextricably
linked
to
regulatory
T
cell
(Treg)
biology.
However,
precisely
untangling
the
role
for
TGF-β1
in
Treg
differentiation
and
function
complicated
by
pleiotropic
context-dependent
activity
of
this
cytokine
multifaceted
biology
Tregs.
Among
CD4+
cells,
Tregs
are
major
producers
latent
uniquely
able
activate
via
expression
surface
docking
receptor
glycoprotein
A
repetitions
predominant
(GARP)
αv
integrins.
Although
a
preponderance
evidence
indicates
no
essential
roles
Treg-derived
immunosuppression,
signaling
crucial
development
thymus
periphery.
Furthermore,
active
instructs
other
subsets,
including
TH17
cells.
Here,
we
will
review
discuss
knowledge
gaps,
future
research,
TGF-β1/Treg
axis
context
cancer
immunotherapy
fibrosis.
Frontiers in Immunology,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
13
Published: Feb. 4, 2022
Ankylosing
spondylitis
(AS)
is
a
systemic,
chronic,
and
inflammatory
autoimmune
disease
associated
with
the
disorder
of
intestinal
microbiota.
Unfortunately,
effective
therapies
for
AS
are
lacking.
Recent
evidence
has
indicated
that
indole-3-acetic
acid
(IAA),
an
important
microbial
tryptophan
metabolite,
can
modulate
homeostasis
suppress
responses.
However,
reports
have
not
examined
in
vivo
protective
effects
IAA
against
AS.
In
this
study,
we
investigated
underlying
mechanisms
through
which
acts
We
constructed
proteoglycan
(PG)-induced
mouse
model
administered
(50
mg/kg
body
weight)
by
intraperitoneal
injection
daily
4
weeks.
The
on
mice
were
evaluated
examining
severity,
barrier
function,
aryl
hydrocarbon
receptor
(AhR)
pathway,
T-helper
17
(Th17)/T
regulatory
(Treg)
balance,
cytokine
levels.
microbiota
compositions
profiled
whole-genome
sequencing.
observed
decreased
incidence
severity
mice,
inhibited
production
pro-inflammatory
cytokines
(tumor
necrosis
factor
α
[TNF-α],
interleukin
[IL]-6,
IL-17A,
IL-23),
promoted
anti-inflammatory
IL-10,
reduced
ratios
pro-/anti-
cytokines.
ameliorated
pathological
changes
ileum
improved
mucosal
function.
also
activated
AhR
upregulated
transcription
forehead
box
protein
P3
(FoxP3)
increased
Treg
cells,
downregulated
factors
retinoic
receptor–related
orphan
gamma
t
(RORγt)
signal
transducer
activator
3
(STAT3)
Th17
cells.
Furthermore,
altered
composition
increasing
Bacteroides
decreasing
Proteobacteria
Firmicutes,
addition
to
abundances
Bifidobacterium
pseudolongum
Mucispirillum
schaedleri
.
conclusion,
exerted
several
PG-induced
was
mediated
restoration
balance
among
community,
activating
inhibiting
inflammation.
might
represent
novel
therapeutic
approach
