B-cell and antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2: infection, vaccination, and hybrid immunity DOI Creative Commons
Dennis Lapuente, Thomas Winkler, Matthias Tenbusch

et al.

Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 21(2), P. 144 - 158

Published: Nov. 10, 2023

Abstract The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in 2019 prompted scientific, medical, and biotech communities to investigate infection- vaccine-induced immune responses the context this pathogen. B-cell antibody are at center these investigations, as neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) an important correlate protection (COP) from infection primary target SARS-CoV-2 vaccine modalities. In addition absolute levels, nAb longevity, neutralization breadth, immunoglobulin isotype subtype composition, presence mucosal sites have become topics for scientists health policy makers. recent pandemic was still is a unique setting which study de novo memory (MBC) dynamic interplay immunity. It also provided opportunity explore new platforms, such mRNA or adenoviral vector vaccines, unprecedented cohort sizes. Combined with technological advances years, situation has detailed mechanistic insights into development but revealed some unexpected findings. review, we summarize key findings last 2.5 years regarding immunity, believe significant value not only future vaccination approaches endemic settings.

Language: Английский

SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant: recent progress and future perspectives DOI Creative Commons
Yao Fan, Xiang Li, Lei Zhang

et al.

Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 7(1)

Published: April 28, 2022

Abstract Since the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, there have been a few variants severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2), one which is Omicron variant (B.1.1.529). The most mutated SARS-CoV-2 variant, and its high transmissibility immune evasion ability raised global concerns. Owing to enhanced transmissibility, has rapidly replaced Delta as dominant in several regions. However, recent studies shown that exhibits reduced pathogenicity due altered cell tropism. In addition, significant resistance neutralizing activity vaccines, convalescent serum, antibody therapies. present review, advances molecular clinical characteristics infectivity, pathogenicity, was summarized, potential therapeutic applications response infection were discussed. Furthermore, we highlighted future waves strategies end pandemic.

Language: Английский

Citations

477
SARS-CoV-2 viral load and shedding kinetics DOI Open Access
Olha Puhach, Benjamin Meyer, Isabella Eckerle

et al.

Nature Reviews Microbiology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Dec. 2, 2022

Language: Английский

Citations

316
Immunological memory to SARS‐CoV ‐2 infection and COVID ‐19 vaccines DOI Creative Commons
Alessandro Sette, Shane Crotty

Immunological Reviews, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 310(1), P. 27 - 46

Published: June 22, 2022

Immunological memory is the basis of protective immunity provided by vaccines and previous infections. can develop from multiple branches adaptive immune system, including CD4 T cells, CD8 B long-lasting antibody responses. Extraordinary progress has been made in understanding to SARS-CoV-2 infection COVID-19 vaccines, addressing development; quantitative qualitative features different cellular anatomical compartments; durability each component antibodies. Given sophistication measurements; size human studies; use longitudinal samples cross-sectional head-to-head comparisons between or for 1 year already supersedes that any other acute infectious disease. This knowledge may help inform public policies regarding as well scientific development future against diseases.

Language: Английский

Citations

216
Class switch toward noninflammatory, spike-specific IgG4 antibodies after repeated SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination DOI Creative Commons
Pascal Irrgang, Juliane Gerling, Katharina Kocher

et al.

Science Immunology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 8(79)

Published: Dec. 22, 2022

RNA vaccines are efficient preventive measures to combat the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic. High levels of neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 antibodies an important component vaccine-induced immunity. Shortly after initial two mRNA vaccine doses, immunoglobulin G (IgG) response mainly consists proinflammatory subclasses IgG1 and IgG3. Here, we report that several months second vaccination, SARS-CoV-2–specific were increasingly composed noninflammatory IgG4, which further boosted by a third vaccination and/or variant breakthrough infections. IgG4 among all spike-specific IgG rose, on average, from 0.04% shortly 19.27% late vaccination. This induction was not observed homologous or heterologous with adenoviral vectors. Single-cell sequencing flow cytometry revealed substantial frequencies IgG4-switched B cells within spike-binding memory cell population [median 14.4%; interquartile range (IQR) 6.7 18.1%] compared overall repertoire (median 1.3%; IQR 0.9 2.2%) three immunizations. class switch associated reduced capacity mediate antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis complement deposition. Because Fc-mediated effector functions critical for antiviral immunity, these findings may have consequences choice timing regimens using vaccines, including future booster immunizations against SARS-CoV-2.

Language: Английский

Citations

180
Neutralizing immunity in vaccine breakthrough infections from the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron and Delta variants DOI Creative Commons
Venice Servellita, Abdullah M. Syed, Mary Kate Morris

et al.

Cell, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 185(9), P. 1539 - 1548.e5

Published: March 18, 2022

Language: Английский

Citations

162
Antibody-mediated neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 DOI Creative Commons

Henning Gruell,

Kanika Vanshylla, Timm Weber

et al.

Immunity, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 55(6), P. 925 - 944

Published: May 13, 2022

Language: Английский

Citations

120
Impaired detection of omicron by SARS-CoV-2 rapid antigen tests DOI Creative Commons
Andreas Osterman, Irina Badell,

Elif Basara

et al.

Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 211(2-3), P. 105 - 117

Published: Feb. 20, 2022

Since autumn 2020, rapid antigen tests (RATs) have been implemented in several countries as an important pillar of the national testing strategy to rapidly screen for infections on site during SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. The current surge infection rates around globe is driven by variant concern (VoC) omicron (B.1.1.529). Here, we evaluated performance nine RATs a single-centre laboratory study. We examined total 115 PCR-negative and 166 PCR-positive respiratory swab samples (101 omicron, 65 delta (B.1.617.2)) collected from October 2021 until January 2022 well cell culture-expanded clinical isolates both VoCs. In assessment analytical sensitivity specimen, 50% limit detection (LoD50) ranged 1.77 × 10

Language: Английский

Citations

116
Molecular characteristics, immune evasion, and impact of SARS-CoV-2 variants DOI Creative Commons
Cong Sun, Chu Xie,

Guo‐Long Bu

et al.

Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 7(1)

Published: June 28, 2022

Abstract The persistent COVID-19 pandemic since 2020 has brought an enormous public health burden to the global society and is accompanied by various evolution of virus genome. consistently emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants harboring critical mutations impact molecular characteristics viral proteins display heterogeneous behaviors in immune evasion, transmissibility, clinical manifestation during infection, which differ each strain endow them with distinguished features populational spread. Several variants, identified as Variants Concern (VOC) World Health Organization, challenged efforts on control due rapid worldwide spread enhanced evasion from current antibodies vaccines. Moreover, recent Omicron variant even exacerbated anxiety continuous pandemic. Its significant medical treatment disease highlights necessity combinatory investigation mutational pattern influence dynamics against immunity, would greatly facilitate drug vaccine development benefit policymaking. Hence this review, we summarized characteristics, impacts focused parallel comparison different profile, transmissibility tropism alteration, effectiveness, manifestations, order provide a comprehensive landscape for research.

Language: Английский

Citations

116
Cumulative SARS-CoV-2 mutations and corresponding changes in immunity in an immunocompromised patient indicate viral evolution within the host DOI Creative Commons

Sissy Therese Sonnleitner,

Martina Prelog,

Stefanie Sonnleitner

et al.

Nature Communications, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 13(1)

Published: May 10, 2022

Different scenarios explaining the emergence of novel variants concern (VOC) severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have been reported, including their evolution in scarcely monitored populations, animals as alternative hosts, or immunocompromised individuals. Here we report SARS-CoV-2 immune escape mutations over a period seven months an patient with prolonged viral shedding. Signs infection, shedding and mutation events are periodically analyzed using RT-PCR next-generation sequencing based on naso-pharyngeal swabs, results complemented by immunological diagnostics to determine humoral T cell responses. Throughout infection course, 17 non-synonymous intra-host noted, 15 (88.2%) having previously described prominent (S:E484K, S:D950N, S:P681H, S:N501Y, S:del(9), N:S235F S:H655Y) VOCs. The high frequency these is consistent multiple convergent evolution. Thus, our suggest that specific genome may represent positions fitness advantage, serve targets future vaccine therapeutics development for COVID-19.

Language: Английский

Citations

96
Impact of antigenic evolution and original antigenic sin on SARS-CoV-2 immunity DOI Creative Commons

Muriel Aguilar-Bretones,

Ron A. M. Fouchier, Marion Koopmans

et al.

Journal of Clinical Investigation, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 133(1)

Published: Jan. 2, 2023

Infections with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and vaccinations targeting the spike protein (S) offer protective immunity against disease 2019 (COVID-19). This may further be shaped by cross-reactivity common cold coronaviruses. Mutations arising in S that are associated altered intrinsic virus properties immune escape result continued circulation of SARS-CoV-2 variants. Potentially, vaccine updates will required to protect future variants concern, as for influenza. To potent protection variants, these second-generation vaccines need redirect epitopes not merely boost toward conserved domains preimmune individuals. For influenza, efficacy repeated vaccination is hampered original antigenic sin, an attribute memory leads greater induction antibodies specific first-encountered variant immunogen compared subsequent In this Review, recent findings on sin discussed context evolution. Unanswered questions directions highlighted, emphasis impact outcome design.

Language: Английский

Citations

86