Hepatology,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
77(5), P. 1773 - 1796
Published: Aug. 22, 2022
The
liver
is
the
sixth
most
common
site
of
primary
cancer
in
humans
and
fourth
leading
cause
cancer‐related
death
world.
Hepatocellular
carcinoma
(HCC)
accounts
for
90%
cancers.
HCC
a
prevalent
disease
with
progression
that
modulated
by
immune
system.
Half
patients
receive
systemic
therapies,
traditionally
sorafenib
or
lenvatinib,
as
first‐line
therapy.
In
last
few
years,
immune‐checkpoint
inhibitors
(ICIs)
have
revolutionized
therapy
gained
an
increased
interest
treatment
HCC.
2020,
combination
atezolizumab
(anti‐programmed
death‐ligand
1)
bevacizumab
(anti–vascular
endothelial
growth
factor)
improved
overall
survival
over
sorafenib,
resulting
Food
Drug
Administration
(FDA)
approval
advanced
Despite
these
major
advances,
better
molecular
cellular
characterization
tumor
microenvironment
still
needed
because
it
has
crucial
role
development
Inflamed
(hot)
noninflamed
(cold)
tumors
genomic
signatures
been
associated
response
to
ICIs.
However,
there
are
no
additional
biomarkers
guide
clinical
decision‐making.
Other
immune‐targeting
strategies,
such
adoptive
T‐cell
transfer,
vaccination,
virotherapy,
currently
under
development.
This
review
provides
overview
on
microenvironment,
different
players,
current
available
immunotherapies,
potential
immunotherapy
modalities.
