Methods in Ecology and Evolution,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
13(8), P. 1640 - 1660
Published: May 30, 2022
Abstract
Deep
learning
is
driving
recent
advances
behind
many
everyday
technologies,
including
speech
and
image
recognition,
natural
language
processing
autonomous
driving.
It
also
gaining
popularity
in
biology,
where
it
has
been
used
for
automated
species
identification,
environmental
monitoring,
ecological
modelling,
behavioural
studies,
DNA
sequencing
population
genetics
phylogenetics,
among
other
applications.
relies
on
artificial
neural
networks
predictive
modelling
excels
at
recognizing
complex
patterns.
In
this
review
we
synthesize
818
studies
using
deep
the
context
of
ecology
evolution
to
give
a
discipline‐wide
perspective
necessary
promote
rethinking
inference
approaches
field.
We
provide
an
introduction
machine
contrast
with
mechanistic
inference,
followed
by
gentle
primer
learning.
applications
discuss
its
limitations
efforts
overcome
them.
practical
biologists
interested
their
toolkit
identify
possible
future
find
that
being
rapidly
adopted
evolution,
589
(64%)
published
since
beginning
2019.
Most
use
convolutional
(496
studies)
supervised
identification
but
tasks
molecular
data,
sounds,
data
or
video
as
input.
More
sophisticated
uses
biology
are
appear.
Operating
within
paradigm,
can
be
viewed
alternative
modelling.
desirable
properties
good
performance
scaling
increasing
complexity,
while
posing
unique
challenges
such
sensitivity
bias
input
data.
expect
rapid
adoption
will
continue,
especially
automation
biodiversity
monitoring
discovery
from
genetic
Increased
unsupervised
visualization
clusters
gaps,
simplification
multi‐step
analysis
pipelines,
integration
into
graduate
postgraduate
training
all
likely
near
future.
Methods in Ecology and Evolution,
Journal Year:
2019,
Volume and Issue:
10(10), P. 1632 - 1644
Published: July 5, 2019
Abstract
A
lot
of
hype
has
recently
been
generated
around
deep
learning,
a
novel
group
artificial
intelligence
approaches
able
to
break
accuracy
records
in
pattern
recognition.
Over
the
course
just
few
years,
learning
revolutionized
several
research
fields
such
as
bioinformatics
and
medicine
with
its
flexibility
ability
process
large
complex
datasets.
As
ecological
datasets
are
becoming
larger
more
complex,
we
believe
these
methods
can
be
useful
ecologists
well.
In
this
paper,
review
existing
implementations
show
that
used
successfully
identify
species,
classify
animal
behaviour
estimate
biodiversity
like
camera‐trap
images,
audio
recordings
videos.
We
demonstrate
beneficial
most
disciplines,
including
applied
contexts,
management
conservation.
also
common
questions
about
how
when
use
what
steps
required
create
network,
which
tools
available
help,
requirements
terms
data
computer
power.
provide
guidelines,
recommendations
resources,
reference
flowchart
help
get
started
learning.
argue
at
time
automatic
monitoring
populations
ecosystems
generates
vast
amount
cannot
effectively
processed
by
humans
anymore,
could
become
powerful
tool
for
ecologists.
Quantitative
behavioral
measurements
are
important
for
answering
questions
across
scientific
disciplines-from
neuroscience
to
ecology.
State-of-the-art
deep-learning
methods
offer
major
advances
in
data
quality
and
detail
by
allowing
researchers
automatically
estimate
locations
of
an
animal's
body
parts
directly
from
images
or
videos.
However,
currently
available
animal
pose
estimation
have
limitations
speed
robustness.
Here,
we
introduce
a
new
easy-to-use
software
toolkit,
DeepPoseKit,
that
addresses
these
problems
using
efficient
multi-scale
model,
called
Stacked
DenseNet,
fast
GPU-based
peak-detection
algorithm
estimating
keypoint
with
subpixel
precision.
These
improve
processing
>2x
no
loss
accuracy
compared
methods.
We
demonstrate
the
versatility
our
multiple
challenging
tasks
laboratory
field
settings-including
groups
interacting
individuals.
Our
work
reduces
barriers
advanced
tools
measuring
behavior
has
broad
applicability
sciences.
Nature Methods,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
19(4), P. 486 - 495
Published: April 1, 2022
The
desire
to
understand
how
the
brain
generates
and
patterns
behavior
has
driven
rapid
methodological
innovation
in
tools
quantify
natural
animal
behavior.
While
advances
deep
learning
computer
vision
have
enabled
markerless
pose
estimation
individual
animals,
extending
these
multiple
animals
presents
unique
challenges
for
studies
of
social
behaviors
or
their
environments.
Here
we
present
Social
LEAP
Estimates
Animal
Poses
(SLEAP),
a
machine
system
multi-animal
tracking.
This
enables
versatile
workflows
data
labeling,
model
training
inference
on
previously
unseen
data.
SLEAP
features
an
accessible
graphical
user
interface,
standardized
model,
reproducible
configuration
system,
over
30
architectures,
two
approaches
part
grouping
identity
We
applied
seven
datasets
across
flies,
bees,
mice
gerbils
systematically
evaluate
each
approach
architecture,
compare
it
with
other
existing
approaches.
achieves
greater
accuracy
speeds
more
than
800
frames
per
second,
latencies
less
3.5
ms
at
full
1,024
×
image
resolution.
makes
usable
real-time
applications,
which
demonstrate
by
controlling
one
basis
tracking
detection
interactions
another
animal.
NeuroImage,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
222, P. 117254 - 117254
Published: Aug. 13, 2020
Naturalistic
experimental
paradigms
in
neuroimaging
arose
from
a
pressure
to
test
the
validity
of
models
we
derive
highly-controlled
experiments
real-world
contexts.
In
many
cases,
however,
such
efforts
led
realization
that
developed
under
particular
manipulations
failed
capture
much
variance
outside
context
manipulation.
The
critique
non-naturalistic
is
not
recent
development;
it
echoes
persistent
and
subversive
thread
history
modern
psychology.
brain
has
evolved
guide
behavior
multidimensional
world
with
interacting
variables.
assumption
artificially
decoupling
manipulating
these
variables
will
lead
satisfactory
understanding
may
be
untenable.
We
develop
an
argument
for
primacy
naturalistic
paradigms,
point
developments
machine
learning
as
example
transformative
power
relinquishing
control.
should
deployed
afterthought
if
hope
build
extend
beyond
laboratory
into
real
world.