Criminal Justice Ethics,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
43(2), P. 146 - 193
Published: May 3, 2024
In
criminal
proceedings,
offenders
are
sentenced
based
on
doctrines
of
culpability
and
punishment
that
theorize
why
they
guilty
should
be
punished.
Throughout
human
history,
these
have
largely
been
grounded
in
legal-policy
constructions
around
retribution,
safety,
deterrence,
closure,
mostly
derived
from
folk
psychology,
natural
philosophy,
sociocultural
expectations,
public-order
narratives,
common
sense.
On
premises,
justice
systems
long
designed
to
account
for
crimes
their
underlying
intent,
with
experience
probabilistic
assumptions
shaping
theoretical
discourses
the
nature
offenders'
punishability.
As
scientific
discoveries,
inventions,
methodologies
progressively
developed
refine
such
displace
long-held
assumptions,
courtrooms
increasingly
witnessed
counsels
judges
relying
evidence
submit,
dispute,
or
validate
claims.
For
instance,
over
last
century,
selectively
admitted
neuroscientific
models,
exams,
insights
claiming
revolutionize
our
understanding
who
is
culpable
deserving
punishment.
Most
recently,
advancements
epigenetics
promised
even
more
profound
challenges
long-standing
law
doctrines.
This
article
examines
reasons
reversibility
inheritability
epigenetic
markers
might
warrant
revising
concludes
findings
not
yet
robust
enough
justify
revisions.
Nature Neuroscience,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
27(7), P. 1376 - 1386
Published: June 24, 2024
Abstract
Cell
fate
progression
of
pluripotent
progenitors
is
strictly
regulated,
resulting
in
high
human
cell
diversity.
Epigenetic
modifications
also
orchestrate
restriction.
Unveiling
the
epigenetic
mechanisms
underlying
diversity
has
been
difficult.
In
this
study,
we
use
brain
and
retina
organoid
models
present
single-cell
profiling
H3K27ac,
H3K27me3
H3K4me3
histone
from
progenitor
to
differentiated
neural
fates
reconstruct
epigenomic
trajectories
regulating
identity
acquisition.
We
capture
transitions
pluripotency
through
neuroepithelium
retinal
region
type
specification.
Switching
repressive
activating
can
precede
predict
decisions
at
each
stage,
providing
a
temporal
census
gene
regulatory
elements
transcription
factors.
Removing
neuroectoderm
stage
disrupts
restriction,
aberrant
Our
epigenome-wide
map
development
serves
as
blueprint
explore
determination.
Frontiers in Neuroscience,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
18
Published: Jan. 15, 2025
Malformations
of
cortical
development
encompass
a
broad
range
disorders
associated
with
abnormalities
in
corticogenesis.
Widespread
neuronal
formation
or
migration
can
lead
to
small
head
size
microcephaly
disorganized
placement
cell
types.
Specific,
localized
malformations
are
termed
focal
dysplasias
(FCD).
Neurodevelopmental
common
all
types
the
most
prominent
being
refractory
epilepsy,
behavioral
such
as
autism
spectrum
disorder
(ASD),
and
learning
disorders.
Several
genetic
pathways
have
been
these
from
control
cycle
cytoskeletal
dynamics
global
variants
growth
factor
signaling
pathways,
especially
those
interacting
mechanistic
target
rapamycin
(mTOR),
FCDs.
Despite
advances
understanding
disorders,
underlying
developmental
that
lesion
mechanisms
through
which
defects
cause
specific
neurological
symptoms
often
remains
unclear.
One
limitation
is
difficulty
modeling
animal
models
frequently
do
not
faithfully
mirror
human
phenotype.
To
circumvent
this
obstacle,
many
investigators
turned
three-dimensional
stem
brain,
known
organoids,
because
they
recapitulate
early
neurodevelopmental
processes.
High
throughput
analysis
organoids
presents
promising
opportunity
model
pathophysiological
processes
across
breadth
development.
In
review,
we
highlight
pathophysiology
brain
using
organoid
models.
Nature Communications,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
16(1)
Published: March 27, 2025
Abstract
The
establishment
of
germ
layers
during
early
development
is
crucial
for
body
formation.
Drosophila
zygote
serves
as
a
model
investigating
these
transitions
in
relation
to
the
chromatin
landscape.
However,
cellular
heterogeneity
blastoderm
embryo
poses
challenge
gaining
mechanistic
insights.
Using
10×
Multiome,
we
simultaneously
analyzed
vivo
epigenomic
and
transcriptomic
states
wild-type,
E(z)-,
CBP-depleted
embryos
zygotic
genome
activation
at
single-cell
resolution.
We
found
that
pre-zygotic
H3K27me3
safeguards
tissue-specific
gene
expression
by
modulating
cis
-regulatory
elements.
Furthermore,
demonstrate
CBP
essential
cell
fate
specification
functioning
transcriptional
activator
stabilizing
factors
binding
key
developmental
genes.
Surprisingly,
while
depletion
leads
arrest,
accessibility
continues
progress
independently
through
retention
stalled
RNA
Polymerase
II.
Our
study
reveals
fundamental
principles
chromatin-mediated
regulation
establishing
maintaining
identities
embryogenesis.
Trends in Neurosciences,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
unknown
Published: March 1, 2025
The
human
brain
is
characterized
by
impressive
cognitive
abilities.
neocortex
the
seat
of
higher
cognition,
and
expansion
a
hallmark
evolution.
While
developmental
programs
are
similar
in
different
species,
timing
transitions
capacity
neural
progenitor
cells
(NPCs)
to
proliferate
differ,
contributing
increased
production
neurons
during
cortical
development.
Here,
we
review
epigenetic
regulation
corticogenesis,
focusing
mostly
on
humans
while
building
knowledge
from
studies
mice.
We
discuss
metabolic-epigenetic
interplay
as
potential
mechanism
integrate
extracellular
signals
into
chromatin.
Moreover,
synthesize
current
understanding
how
metabolic
deregulation
can
cause
neurodevelopmental
disorders.
Finally,
outline
be
investigated
using
organoid
models.
Frontiers in Immunology,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
16
Published: Jan. 24, 2025
Brain
macrophages
encompass
two
major
populations:
microglia
in
the
parenchyma
and
border-associated
(BAMs)
extra-parenchymal
compartments.
These
cells
play
crucial
roles
maintaining
brain
homeostasis
immune
surveillance.
Microglia
BAMs
are
phenotypically
epigenetically
distinct
exhibit
highly
specialized
functions
tailored
to
their
environmental
niches.
Intriguingly,
recent
studies
have
shown
that
both
originate
from
same
myeloid
progenitor
during
yolk
sac
hematopoiesis,
but
developmental
fates
diverge
within
brain.
Several
works
partially
unveiled
mechanisms
orchestrating
development
of
mice
humans;
however,
many
questions
remain
unanswered.
Defining
molecular
underpinnings
controlling
transcriptional
epigenetic
programs
is
one
upcoming
challenges
for
field.
In
this
review,
we
outline
current
knowledge
on
ontogeny,
phenotypic
diversity,
factors
shaping
ecosystem
macrophages.
We
discuss
insights
garnered
human
studies,
highlighting
similarities
differences
compared
mice.
Lastly,
address
research
gaps
potential
future
directions
Understanding
how
communicate
with
local
environment
tissue
instructs
trajectories
functional
features
essential
fully
comprehend
physiology
disease.
medRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory),
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
unknown
Published: Feb. 21, 2025
Abstract
The
contribution
of
common
tandem
repeats
(TR)
variants
to
common,
complex
disease
remains
unknown,
especially
in
populations
historically
underrepresented
genetic
research.
We
identified
TR
associated
with
risk
primary
open-angle
glaucoma
(POAG)
individuals
African
ancestry.
POAG-associated
were
predominantly
found
at
Alu
poly(A)
tail
elements,
regions,
retinal
development
enhancers,
and
harbor
binding
sites
a
transcription
factor,
LMX1B,
suggesting
convergent
mechanism
how
variation
arises
contributes
POAG
pathophysiology.
