The MOSAiC Distributed Network: Observing the coupled Arctic system with multidisciplinary, coordinated platforms

Elementa Science of the Anthropocene, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 12(1)

Published: Jan. 1, 2024

Central Arctic properties and processes are important to the regional global coupled climate system. The Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for Study of Climate (MOSAiC) Distributed Network (DN) autonomous ice-tethered systems aimed bridge gaps in our understanding temporal spatial scales, particular with respect resolution Earth system models. By characterizing variability around local measurements made at a Observatory, DN covers both interactions involving ocean-ice-atmosphere interfaces as well three-dimensional ocean, sea ice, atmosphere. more than 200 instruments (“buoys”) were varying complexity set up different sites mostly within 50 km Observatory. During an exemplary midwinter month, observations captured atmospheric on sub-monthly time but less so monthly means. They show significant snow depth ice thickness, provide temporally spatially resolved characterization motion deformation, showing coherency scale smaller scales. Ocean data background gradient across dependent due mixed layer sub-mesoscale mesoscale processes, influenced by variable cover. second case (May–June 2020) illustrates utility during absence manually obtained providing continuity physical biological this key transitional period. We examples synergies between extensive MOSAiC remote sensing numerical modeling, such estimating skill drift forecasts evaluating modeling. has been proven enable analysis atmosphere-ice-ocean potential improve model parameterizations important, unresolved future.

Language: Английский

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Cloud radiative effect dominates variabilities of surface energy budget in the dark Arctic

Scientific Reports, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 15(1)

Published: Jan. 23, 2025

Climate models simulate a wide range of temperatures in the Arctic. Here we investigate one main drivers changes surface temperature: net heat flux models. We show that winter months dark Arctic, there is more than two-fold difference fluxes among models, and this dominated by downward infrared radiation from clouds. Owing to small amount water vapor clouds transmits easily Arctic at other latitudes, resulting large cloud radiative effect surface. The dominant role also found transient variability flux. Results demonstrate accurate simulation crucial for determining flux, which turn affects temperature sea ice properties

Language: Английский

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Surface Energy Balance Responses to Radiative Forcing in the Central Arctic From MOSAiC and Models

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 130(6)

Published: March 10, 2025

Abstract The Arctic surface energy budget (SEB) couples the atmosphere with sea ice, making it useful for both studying processes as well evaluating models. Improved understanding of atmosphere‐ice interactions is required to improve models, requiring year‐round observations address seasonally dependent biases. This work uses novel from MOSAiC expedition quantify responses fluxes radiative forcing over ice throughout a complete annual cycle. We identify two primary regimes flux response: an growth regime in winter and melt summer. In regime, changes impact upwelling longwave, sensible heat, subsurface heat fluxes, whereas primarily alter amount transmission because temperature fixed. These observed are used evaluate seven weather forecast models during regime. most do not match observations. Many also have biased downwelling longwave. One model (the Coupled Forecast System; CAFS) adequately captures mean winter. CAFS further evaluated against spanning full year, demonstrating sufficient agreement provide more generalized these SEB process relationships across Arctic.

Language: Английский

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Observations of surface energy fluxes and meteorology in the seasonally snow-covered high-elevation East River watershed during SPLASH, 2021–2023

Earth system science data, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 17(4), P. 1481 - 1499

Published: April 11, 2025

Abstract. From autumn 2021 through summer 2023, scientists from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) partners conducted Study of Precipitation, Lower Atmosphere, Surface for Hydrometeorology (SPLASH) campaign in East River watershed Colorado. One objective SPLASH was to observe transfer energy between atmosphere surface, which done at several locations. Two remote sites were chosen that did not have access power utilities. These along valley floor near vicinity unincorporated town Gothic, Energy balance measurements made these locations using autonomous, single-level flux towers referred as atmospheric surface stations (ASFSs). The ASFSs deployed on 28 September Kettle Ponds Annex site 12 October Avery Picnic operated until 19 July 21 June respectively. Measurements included basic meteorology; upward downward longwave shortwave radiative fluxes subsurface conductive flux, each 1 min resolution; 3-D winds a sonic anemometer H2O/CO2 an open-path gas analyzer, both 20 Hz sensible, latent heat, CO2 derived; profiles soil properties upper 0.5 m (both sites) temperature snow (at Picnic), reported 10 6 h. system uptime 97 % (Kettle Ponds) 90 (Avery collectively 1184 d data obtained stations. purpose this article is document ASFS deployment SPLASH, acquisition post-processing measurements, serve guide interested users sets, are archived Zenodo (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10313363, Cox et al., 2023b; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10327409, 2023c; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10313894, 2023d; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10307825, 2023e; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10310520, 2023f) with Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license.

Language: Английский

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An overview of the vertical structure of the atmospheric boundary layer in the central Arctic during MOSAiC

Atmospheric chemistry and physics, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 24(2), P. 1429 - 1450

Published: Jan. 30, 2024

Abstract. Observations collected during the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) provide an annual cycle vertical thermodynamic and kinematic structure atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) in central Arctic. A self-organizing map (SOM) analysis conducted using radiosonde observations shows a range ABL from very shallow stable, with strong surface-based virtual potential temperature (θv) inversion, to deep near neutral, capped by weak elevated θv inversion. The patterns identified SOM allowed derivation criteria categorize stability within just above ABL, which revealed that MOSAiC was stable neutral similar frequencies, there always inversion lowest 1 km, usually had moderate stability. In conjunction additional measurement platforms, including 10 m meteorological tower, ceilometer, microwave radiometer, insight into relationships between stability, as well variety features. low-level jet observed 76 % radiosondes, stronger winds (LLJ) core located more closely corresponding weaker Wind shear found decrease, friction velocity increase, decreasing Clouds were 30 min preceding launch 64 time. These typically low clouds, where high clouds or no largely coincided ABL.

Language: Английский

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Ocean surface radiation measurement best practices

Frontiers in Marine Science, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 11

Published: May 23, 2024

Ocean surface radiation measurement best practices have been developed as a first step to support the interoperability of measurements across multiple ocean platforms and between land networks. This document describes consensus by working group experts from land, ocean, aircraft communities. The scope was limited broadband shortwave (solar) longwave (terrestrial infrared) irradiance for quantification budget. Best spectral biological purposes like photosynthetically active color are only mentioned briefly motivate future interactions physical flux Topics discussed in these include instrument selection, handling sensors installation, data quality monitoring, processing, calibration. It is recognized that platform resource limitations may prohibit incorporating all into spatial coverage also an important motivator expanding current Thus, one key recommendations perform experiments can help quantify uncertainty different lay groundwork multi-tiered global network with mix high-accuracy reference stations lower-cost fill gaps.

Language: Английский

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Modeling the Winter Heat Conduction Through the Sea Ice System During MOSAiC

Geophysical Research Letters, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 51(8)

Published: April 17, 2024

Abstract Models struggle to accurately simulate observed sea ice thickness changes, which could be partially due inadequate representation of thermodynamic processes. We analyzed co‐located winter observations the Arctic from Multidisciplinary Drifting Observatory for Study Climate evaluating and improving processes in models, aiming enable more accurate predictions warming climate system. model snow heat conduction transects forced by realistic boundary conditions understand impact non‐resolved meter‐scale heterogeneity on horizontal conduction. Neglecting causes underestimating conductive flux 10% or more. Furthermore, comparing results independent temperature reveals a ∼5 K surface overestimation over thinner than 1 m, attributed shortcomings parameterizing turbulent radiative fluxes rather Assessing deficiencies these unresolved is required improved representation.

Language: Английский

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An Overview of the Vertical Structure of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer in the Central Arctic during MOSAiC

Published: April 26, 2023

Abstract. Observations collected during the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) provide an annual cycle vertical thermodynamic and kinematic structure atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) in central Arctic. A self-organizing map (SOM) analysis conducted using radiosonde observations shows a range ABL from very shallow stable, with strong surface-based virtual potential temperature (θv) inversion, to deep near-neutral, weak elevated θv inversion. Profile DataHawk2 uncrewed aircraft system between 23 March 26 July 2020 largely sampled same profile structures, which can be further analyzed unique insight into turbulent characteristics ABL. The patterns identified by SOM allowed derivation criteria categorize stability within just above ABL, reveals that is stable near-neutral similar frequencies. In conjunction additional measurement platforms, including 10 m meteorological tower, ceilometer, microwave radiometer, relationships variety features. average height was found 150 m, increases decreasing stability. low-level jet observed 76 % radiosondes, 401 speed 11.5 s−1. At least one inversion below 5 km 99.7 base 260 intensity 4.8 °C. only cases without were those aloft. Clouds 30 minutes preceding launch 64 time. These typically low clouds, high clouds coincide amount moisture present

Language: Английский

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Thermodynamic and Kinematic Drivers of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Stability in the Central Arctic during MOSAiC

Published: May 17, 2023

Abstract. Observations collected during the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) provide a detailed description impact thermodynamic and kinematic forcings on atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) stability in central Arctic. This study reveals that ABL is stable near-neutral with similar frequencies, strong most persistent all regimes. MOSAiC radiosonde observations, conjunction observations from additional measurement platforms including 10 m meteorological tower, ceilometer, microwave radiometer, radiation station, insight into relationships between various turbulence, how these differ by season. We found stronger largely occurs low wind (i.e., speeds are slow), surface radiative fluxes minimal) environments, very shallow mixed forms wind, high weak moderate environments. Surface pressure (a proxy synoptic staging) partially explains observed different Cloud frequency moisture contribute to budget. Unique summer, may also form when moist air advected over warmer open ocean colder sea ice surface, which decouples near-surface atmosphere layer, identifiable through fog moisture.

Language: Английский

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Thermodynamic and kinematic drivers of atmospheric boundary layer stability in the central Arctic during the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC)

Atmospheric chemistry and physics, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 23(20), P. 13087 - 13106

Published: Oct. 17, 2023

Abstract. Observations collected during the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) provide a detailed description impact thermodynamic and kinematic forcings on atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) stability in central Arctic. This study reveals that ABL is stable near-neutral with similar frequencies, strong most persistent all regimes. MOSAiC radiosonde observations, conjunction observations from additional measurement platforms, including 10 m meteorological tower, ceilometer, microwave radiometer, radiation station, insight into relationships between various turbulence how these differ by season. We found stronger largely occurs low-wind (i.e., wind speeds are slow), low-radiation surface radiative fluxes minimal) environments; very shallow mixed forms low-wind, high-radiation weak high-wind, moderate-radiation environments. Surface pressure (a proxy synoptic staging) partially explains observed different Cloud frequency moisture contribute to budget. Unique summer, may also form when moist air advected over warmer open ocean colder sea ice surface, which decouples near-surface atmosphere layer, identifiable through fog moisture.

Language: Английский

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