As
represented
by
gynandromorphs
(sexually
mosaic
individuals),
sexual
differentiation
in
insects
proceeds
primarily
cell
autonomously
depending
on
sex
chromosomes.
Insect
determination
systems,
although
dominated
male
heterogamety,
are
highly
diverse.
Dragonflies
and
damselflies
(the
order
Odonata)
the
most
ancestral
winged
have
heterogametic
systems.
Some
species
(e.g.,
Crocothemis
servilia)
intraspecific
polymorphisms
their
karyotypes,
such
as
switching
from
X0
to
neo-XY
chromosome
system
fusion.
In
dragonflies
damselflies,
adults
of
many
exhibit
color
dimorphism,
transition
upon
adult
maturation,
within
same
sex.
Molecular
mechanisms
underlying
been
investigated
extensively
fruit
fly
Drosophila
melanogaster,
but
recent
studies
revealed
that
upstream
genes
insect
cascade
Most
sex-specific
isoforms
for
doublesex
(dsx)
gene,
which
is
important
differentiation,
dsx
gene
plays
roles
masculinization
not
only
males
also
androchrome
females
damselfly
Ischnura
senegalensis.
this
review,
current
knowledge
summarized,
with
particular
focus
insects,
damselflies.
Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
151, P. 103873 - 103873
Published: Nov. 15, 2022
The
genetics
of
the
sex
determination
regulatory
cascade
in
Drosophila
melanogaster
has
a
fascinating
history,
interlinked
with
foundation
Genetics
discipline
itself.
discovery
that
alternative
splicing
rather
than
differential
transcription
is
molecular
mechanism
underlying
upstream
control
differences
model
system
was
surprising.
This
notion
now
fully
integrated
into
scientific
canon,
appearing
many
textbooks
and
online
education
resources.
In
last
three
decades,
it
key
reference
point
for
starting
evolutionary
studies
other
insect
species
by
using
homology-based
approaches.
review
will
introduce
very
brief
history
genetics.
It
describe
genetic
approaches
applied
identifying
cloning
genes
involved
species.
These
comparative
analyses
led
to
supporting
idea
sex-determining
pathways
have
evolved
mainly
recruiting
different
signals/genes
while
maintaining
widely
conserved
intermediate
downstream
genes.
also
provides
examples
link
between
technological
advances
research
achievements,
stimulate
reflections
on
how
science
produced.
aims
hopefully
strengthen
related
historical
conceptual
knowledge
general
readers
disciplines
younger
geneticists,
often
focused
latest
technical-molecular
Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
10
Published: June 28, 2022
Sex
determination
pathways
in
insects
are
generally
characterised
by
an
upstream
primary
signal,
which
is
highly
variable
across
species,
and
that
regulates
the
splicing
of
a
suite
downstream
but
highly-conserved
genes
(
transformer
,
doublesex
fruitless
).
In
turn,
these
then
regulate
expression
sex-specific
characteristics
males
females.
Identification
sex
has
continues
to
be,
critical
component
insect
population
suppression
technologies.
For
example,
“first-generation”
transgenic
technologies
such
as
fsRIDL
(Female-Specific
Release
Insects
carrying
Dominant
Lethals)
enabled
efficient
selective
removal
females
from
target
significant
improvement
on
sterile
technique
(SIT).
Second-generation
CRISPR/Cas9
homing
gene
drives
precision-guided
SIT
(pgSIT)
have
used
editing
manipulate
vivo
.
The
development
future,
third-generation
control
technologies,
Y-linked
drives,
(female
male)
sex-reversal,
or
X-shredding,
will
require
additional
knowledge
aspects
sexual
development,
including
deeper
understanding
nature
signals
dosage
compensation.
This
review
shows
how
pest
species
fundamental
all
phases
Molecular Biology and Evolution,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
38(11), P. 5021 - 5033
Published: July 28, 2021
Abstract
Sexually
dimorphic
development
is
responsible
for
some
of
the
most
remarkable
phenotypic
variation
found
in
nature.
Alternative
splicing
transcription
factor
gene
doublesex
(dsx)
a
highly
conserved
developmental
switch
controlling
expression
sex-specific
pathways.
Here,
we
leverage
differences
butterfly
wing
color
pattern
to
characterize
genetic
basis
sexually
development.
We
use
RNA-seq,
immunolocalization,
and
motif
binding
site
analysis
test
specific
predictions
about
role
dsx
structurally
based
ultraviolet
(UV)
patterns
Zerene
cesonia
(Southern
Dogface).
Unexpectedly,
discover
novel
duplication
that
shows
burst
associated
with
UV
coloration.
The
derived
copy
consists
single
exon
encodes
DNA
but
no
protein-binding
domain
has
experienced
rapid
amino-acid
divergence.
propose
paralog
may
suppress
scale
differentiation
females,
which
supported
by
an
excess
Dsx-binding
sites
at
cytoskeletal
chitin-related
genes
sex-biased
expression.
These
findings
illustrate
molecular
flexibility
mediating
secondary
sexual
characteristics.
Molecular Biology and Evolution,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
39(7)
Published: July 1, 2022
Alternative
splicing
underpins
functional
diversity
in
proteins
and
the
complexity
of
eukaryotes.
An
example
is
doublesex
gene,
key
transcriptional
factor
arthropod
sexual
differentiation.
controlled
by
sex-specific
promotes
both
male
female
differentiation
holometabolan
insects,
whereas
hemimetabolan
species,
has
isoforms
but
not
required
for
How
evolved
to
be
essential
development
remains
largely
unknown.
Here,
we
investigate
ancestral
states
using
Thermobia
domestica
belonging
Zygentoma,
sister
group
Pterygota,
that
is,
winged
insects.
We
find
that,
T.
domestica,
expresses
only
necessary
morphology.
This
result
supports
hypothesis
initially
promoted
during
insect
evolution.
However,
a
short
female-specific
region
upregulates
expression
vitellogenin
homologs
females,
suggesting
may
already
play
some
role
morphogenesis
common
ancestor
Pterygota.
Reconstruction
sequence
prediction
protein
structures
show
isoform
an
extended
C-terminal
disordered
insects
nonholometabolan
species.
propose
acquired
its
function
through
change
motif
structure
rather
than
emergence
exon.
PLoS ONE,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
19(3), P. e0299900 - e0299900
Published: March 1, 2024
Eusocial
insects
such
as
termites,
ants,
bees,
and
wasps
exhibit
a
reproductive
division
of
labor.
The
developmental
regulation
organ
(ovaries
testes)
is
crucial
for
distinguishing
between
sterile
castes.
development
in
regulated
by
sex-determination
pathways.
sex
determination
gene
Doublesex
(Dsx),
encoding
transcription
factors,
plays
an
important
role
this
pathway.
Therefore,
clarifying
the
function
Dsx
sexual
traits
to
understand
social
evolution
eusocial
insects.
However,
no
studies
have
reported
hemimetabolous
group
termites.
In
study,
we
searched
binding
sites
candidate
target
genes
species
with
available
genome
information
first
step
First,
focused
on
Reticulitermes
speratus
identified
101
Dsx.
Using
similar
method,
obtained
112,
39,
76
lucifugus,
Coptotermes
formosanus,
Macrotermes
natalensis,
respectively.
Second,
compared
37
common
R.
lucifugus.
These
included
several
probably
involved
spermatogenesis
longevity.
only
few
were
other
two
species.
Finally,
dsRNA
injection
resulted
differential
expression
genes,
including
piwi-like
protein
B-box
type
zinc
finger
ncl-1
speratus.
results
provide
valuable
resource
data
future
functional
analyses
Insect Molecular Biology,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
32(4), P. 424 - 435
Published: April 5, 2023
Abstract
Termites
have
an
elaborate
social
system
that
involves
cooperation
and
division
of
labour
among
colony
members.
Although
this
is
regulated
by
chemical
signals
produced
in
the
colony,
it
remains
unclear
how
these
are
perceived
other
Signal
transduction
well
known
to
be
triggered
reception
odorant
molecules
some
binding
proteins
antennae,
after
which,
a
signal
transmitted
chemosensory
receptors.
However,
there
insufficient
information
on
role
genes
involved
termites.
Here,
we
identified
termite
Reticulitermes
speratus
performed
genome‐wide
comparative
transcriptome
analysis
worker
soldier
antennae.
First,
31
odorant‐binding
(OBPs),
three
protein
A
(CheA)
from
genome
data.
Thereafter,
RNA
sequencing
compare
expression
levels
OBPs
,
CheAs
previously
receptor
between
There
were
no
with
significant
differences
castes.
non‐receptor
odorant‐detection/binding
(
OBP
CheA,
Sensory
neuron
membrane
)
significantly
different
Real‐time
qPCR
(RT‐qPCR)
using
antennae
head
parts
confirmed
highly
expressed
Finally,
independent
RT‐qPCR
showed
patterns
altered
soldiers
contexts.
Present
results
suggest
gene
non‐receptors
affected
both
castes
behavioural
interactions
members
Scientific Reports,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
13(1)
Published: May 24, 2023
Acquisition
of
novel
functions
caused
by
gene
duplication
may
be
important
for
termite
social
evolution.
To
clarify
this
possibility,
additional
evidence
is
needed.
An
example
takeout,
encoding
juvenile
hormone
binding
protein.
We
identified
25
takeouts
in
the
Reticulitermes
speratus
genome.
RNA-seq
revealed
that
many
genes
were
highly
expressed
specific
castes.
Two
paralogs
(RsTO1,
RsTO2)
tandemly
aligned
same
scaffold.
Real-time
qPCR
indicated
RsTO1
and
RsTO2
queens
soldiers,
respectively.
Moreover,
highest
expression
was
observed
alates
during
queen
formation.
These
patterns
different
from
vitellogenins,
egg-yolk
precursors,
which
than
alates.
In
situ
hybridization
showed
mRNA
localized
alate-frontal
gland,
indicating
binds
with
secretions
probably
used
defence
swarming
flight.
contrast,
increased
approximately
1
week
after
soldier
differentiation.
Expression
geranylgeranyl
diphosphate
synthase,
whose
product
terpenoid
synthesis,
similar
to
expression.
RsTO2-specific
signals
soldier-frontal
gland.
interact
terpenoids,
a
soldier-specific
defensive
function.
It
provide
functionalization
termites.
