Chemosphere, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 354, P. 141725 - 141725
Published: March 14, 2024
Language: Английский
One Earth, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 6(6), P. 682 - 704
Published: May 29, 2023
The chemical industry is responsible for about 5% of global CO2 emissions and key to achieving net-zero targets. Decarbonizing this industry, nevertheless, faces particular challenges given the widespread use carbon-rich raw materials, need high-temperature heat, complex value chains. Multiple technology routes are now available producing chemicals with based on biomass, recycling, carbon capture, utilization, storage. However, extent which these viable respect local availability energy natural resources remains unclear. In review, we compare by quantifying their energy, land, water requirements corresponding induced resource scarcity at country level further discuss technical environmental viability a industry. We find that will require location-specific integrated solutions combine circular approaches demand-side measures might result in reshaping trade.
Language: Английский
Citations
118
Nature, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 626(7997), P. 45 - 57
Published: Jan. 31, 2024
Language: Английский
Citations
113
Nature Reviews Earth & Environment, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 4(7), P. 471 - 486
Published: July 4, 2023
Language: Английский
Citations
107
Chemical Reviews, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 124(5), P. 2617 - 2650
Published: Feb. 22, 2024
The societal importance of plastics contrasts with the carelessness which they are disposed. Their superlative properties lead to economic and environmental efficiency, but linearity puts climate, human health, global ecosystems at risk. Recycling is fundamental transitioning this linear model into a more sustainable, circular economy. Among recycling technologies, chemical depolymerization offers route virgin quality recycled plastics, especially when valorizing complex waste streams poorly served by mechanical methods. However, exists in interlinked system end-of-life fates, complementarity each approach key environmental, economic, sustainability. This review explores recent progress made five commercial polymers: poly(ethylene terephthalate), polycarbonates, polyamides, aliphatic polyesters, polyurethanes. Attention paid not only catalytic technologies used enhance efficiencies also interrelationship other systemic constraints imposed Novel polymers, designed for depolymerization, concisely reviewed terms their underlying chemistry potential integration current plastic systems.
Language: Английский
Citations
78
Journal of the American Chemical Society, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 145(36), P. 19840 - 19848
Published: Sept. 1, 2023
Poly(l-lactic acid) (PLLA) is a leading commercial polymer produced from biomass, showing useful properties for plastics and fiber applications; after use, it compostable. One area improvement postconsumer waste PLLA chemical recycling to monomer (CRM), i.e., the formation of l-lactide (l-LA) plastic. This process currently feasible at high reaction temperatures shows low catalytic activity accompanied, in some cases, by side reactions, including epimerization. Here, Sn(II) catalyst, applied with nonvolatile alcohol, enables highly efficient CRM yield l-LA excellent purity (92% yield, >99% theoretical max.). The depolymerization performed using neat films (160 °C) under nitrogen flow or vacuum. operates outstanding activity, achieving turnover frequencies which are up 3000× higher than previously catalysts loadings 6000× lower catalysts. catalyst system achieves TOF = 3000 h–1 0.01 mol % 1:10,000 catalyst:PLLA loading. plastic packaging (coffee cup lids) produces pure selectivity. new (Sn + alcohol) can itself be recycled four times different "batch degradations" maintains its productivity,
Language: Английский
Citations
51
One Earth, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 6(6), P. 607 - 619
Published: June 1, 2023
The expanding petrochemical industry depends on fossil fuels both as feedstock and a source of energy is at the heart intertwined global crises relating to plastics, climate, toxic emissions. Addressing these requires uprooting deep-seated lock-ins that sustain plastics. This perspective identifies stand in way ambitious emission reductions ending plastic pollution. We emphasize addressing growing production consumption confronting political economy petrochemicals. put forward key elements needed address dual challenges moving away from unsustainable plastics drastically reducing emissions sector argue for attention links between which turn involves challenging entrenched power structures vested interests linked fossil-based economy. A critical step would be ensuring petrochemicals related upstream issues upcoming treaty.
Language: Английский
Citations
50
Chemical Reviews, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 124(5), P. 2327 - 2351
Published: Feb. 26, 2024
Polyethylene
deconstruction
to
reusable
smaller
molecules
is
hindered
by
the
chemical
inertness
of
its
hydrocarbon
chains.
Pyrolysis
and
related
approaches
commonly
require
high
temperatures,
are
energy-intensive,
yield
mixtures
multiple
classes
compounds.
Selective
cleavage
reactions
under
mild
conditions
(
Language: Английский
Citations
Environmental Science & Technology,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
58(6), P. 2716 - 2727
Published: Jan. 31, 2024
Plastics
are
controversial
due
to
their
production
from
fossil
fuels,
emissions
during
and
disposal,
potential
toxicity,
leakage
the
environment.
In
light
of
these
concerns,
calls
use
less
plastic
products
move
toward
nonplastic
alternatives
common.
However,
often
overlook
environmental
impacts
alternative
materials.
This
article
examines
greenhouse
gas
(GHG)
emission
impact
versus
alternatives.
We
assess
16
applications
where
plastics
used
across
five
key
sectors:
packaging,
building
construction,
automotive,
textiles,
consumer
durables.
These
sectors
account
for
about
90%
global
volume.
Our
results
show
that
in
15
a
product
incurs
fewer
GHG
than
applications,
release
10%
life
cycle.
Furthermore,
some
such
as
food
no
suitable
exist.
demonstrate
care
must
be
taken
when
formulating
policies
or
interventions
reduce
so
we
do
not
inadvertently
drive
shift
with
higher
emissions.
For
most
products,
increasing
efficiency
use,
extending
lifetime,
boosting
recycling
rates,
improving
waste
collection
would
more
effective
reducing
Language: Английский
Citations
Chemical Engineering Journal,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
487, P. 150468 - 150468
Published: March 15, 2024
Language: Английский
Citations
Journal of the American Chemical Society,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
146(12), P. 8381 - 8393
Published: March 14, 2024
Using
carbon
dioxide
(CO2)
to
make
recyclable
thermoplastics
could
reduce
greenhouse
gas
emissions
associated
with
polymer
manufacturing.
CO2/cyclic
epoxide
ring-opening
copolymerization
(ROCOP)
allows
for
>30
wt
%
of
the
polycarbonate
derive
from
CO2;
so
far,
field
has
largely
focused
on
oligocarbonates.
In
contrast,
efficient
catalysts
high
molar
mass
polycarbonates
are
underinvestigated,
and
resulting
thermoplastic
structure–property
relationships,
processing,
recycling
need
be
elucidated.
This
work
describes
a
new
organometallic
Mg(II)Co(II)
catalyst
that
combines
productivity,
low
loading
tolerance,
highest
polymerization
control
yield
number
average
molecular
weight
(Mn)
values
4
130
kg
mol–1,
narrow,
monomodal
distributions.
It
is
used
in
ROCOP
CO2
bicyclic
epoxides
produce
series
samples,
each
Mn
>
100
poly(cyclohexene
carbonate)
(PCHC),
poly(vinyl-cyclohexene
(PvCHC),
poly(ethyl-cyclohexene
(PeCHC,
by
hydrogenation
PvCHC),
poly(cyclopentene
(PCPC).
All
these
materials
amorphous
thermoplastics,
glass
transition
temperatures
(85
<
Tg
126
°C,
differential
scanning
calorimetry)
thermal
stability
(Td
260
°C).
The
cyclic
ring
substituents
mediate
materials'
chain
entanglements,
viscosity,
temperatures.
Specifically,
PCPC
was
found
have
10×
lower
entanglement
(Me)n
100×
zero-shear
viscosity
compared
those
PCHC,
showing
potential
as
future
thermoplastic.
polymers
fully
recyclable,
either
reprocessing
or
using
highly
selective
depolymerizations
CO2.
shows
fastest
depolymerization
rates,
achieving
an
activity
2500
h–1
>99%
selectivity
cyclopentene
oxide
Language: Английский
Citations
Replacing Plastics with Alternatives Is Worse for Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Most Cases
Unlocking naphtha from polyolefins using Ni-based hydrocracking catalysts
High Molar Mass Polycarbonates as Closed-Loop Recyclable Thermoplastics