Artificial Intelligence in Psychiatry: A Review of Biological and Behavioral Data Analyses

Diagnostics, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 15(4), P. 434 - 434

Published: Feb. 11, 2025

Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative force in psychiatry, improving diagnostic precision, treatment personalization, and early intervention through advanced data analysis techniques. This review explores recent advancements AI applications within focusing on EEG ECG analysis, speech natural language processing (NLP), blood biomarker integration, social media utilization. EEG-based models have significantly enhanced the detection of disorders such depression schizophrenia spectral connectivity analyses. ECG-based approaches provided insights into emotional regulation stress-related conditions using heart rate variability. Speech frameworks, leveraging large (LLMs), improved cognitive impairments psychiatric symptoms nuanced linguistic feature extraction. Meanwhile, analyses deepened our understanding molecular underpinnings mental health disorders, analytics demonstrated potential for real-time surveillance. Despite these advancements, challenges heterogeneity, interpretability, ethical considerations remain barriers to widespread clinical adoption. Future research must prioritize development explainable models, regulatory compliance, integration diverse datasets maximize impact care.

Language: Английский

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Harnessing the Second Power of Anesthesia for Disorders of Consciousness: 2025 T. H. Seldon Memorial Lecture

Anesthesia & Analgesia, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Feb. 19, 2025

Anesthesia's ability to ablate consciousness and eliminate the perception of pain revolutionized surgical practice; its discovery was named one most important medical developments in a thousand years by editors New England Journal Medicine.1 The state reversible, controlled unconsciousness caused anesthetics facilitates hundreds millions surgeries across world each year.2 Although this common, international use suggests that powers are widely understood accepted, anesthesia harbors another power has been largely untapped date. In 1947, Harvard anesthesiologist Henry Knowles Beecher published prescient article Science entitled "Anesthesia's Second Power: Probing Mind."3 it, he wrote: "…we seem have tool for producing holding at will, little risk, different levels consciousness—a promises be great help studies mental phenomena." This "second power" can probe neural substrates undergird mind, which particular promise individuals disorders (DOC). These involve prolonged reduced wakefulness awareness self environment after brain injury or progressive damage. acute DOC, families clinical care providers faced with 2 sets urgent questions. first involves patient's current level consciousness. is commonly assessed bedside using behavioral measures such as Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), misdiagnosis rate patients liminal (ie, minimally conscious [MCS]) unconscious unresponsive syndrome [UWS]) extraordinarily high.4 International guidelines begun support functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) electroencephalography (EEG) detect through activation response cognitive tasks.5,6 resultant state, motor dissociation (CMD), detected approximately 25% without an observable commands.7 second set questions DOC capacity consciousness: whether they will regain consciousness, timeline recovery, what treatments resources required get there. answers these critical determinants goals care, knowledge post-acute recovery trajectories remained remarkably limited, predictions often imprecise. converging evidence late independence possible many severe injuries, 70% deaths during traumatic associated withdrawal life-sustaining treatments.8 How address diagnostic prognostic DOC? field science, it common practice define absence: "what vanishes every night when we fall into dreamless sleep."9 Let us consider variation definition: anesthetized." Through lens, appearance disappearance markers induced withdrawn from patient whose underlying unknown may indeed fulfill Beecher's prediction anesthesia's mind. WHAT VANISHES WHEN WE ARE ANESTHETIZED idea perturbation assess deep roots. Today's validated index perturbational complexity (PCI), captures brain's direct noninvasive cortical transcranial stimulation (TMS) EEG. spatiotemporal TMS successfully differentiates various anesthetic agents, categories DOC.10 exquisite accuracy TMS-EEG assessment reflected European American Academy Neurology's inclusion PCI diagnosis coma patients. Despite this, faces large translational barriers broad implementation, including low availability equipment techniques, challenges integrating environment, length testing time. Our team built on type perturbation: anesthesia. We provided brief reversible propofol challenge reliably disrupted activity allowed reconfiguration. By measuring EEG changes exposure repurposed stress test hypothesis straightforward: high would significantly change exposure, while remain same before approach highly compatible where admitted. For one, administered limited distress contraindications. were all exposed intubated ICU negative effects, suggesting likelihood safe administration study; participants hemodynamically stable throughout experimental protocol. Additionally, responses did not require perform any sensory, motor, tasks, thus independent their willingness react external stimuli commands. anesthetized hypothesized network-level process, gross suppression processing primary sensory cortex.11 Accordingly, examined alterations network known healthy brain. Functional connectivity networks undergo large-scale reconfiguration upon reversal posterior anterior areas rich (eg, hubs), corresponding dominant direction connectivity.12,13 calculated metrics, combined them called Adaptive Reconfiguration Index (ARI). pilot case series 12 adults acquired injury, ARI predicted 100% responsiveness 3-month follow-up.14 All who recovered had adaptive (Figure 1); static.Figure 1.: Reproduced permission Blain-Moraes et al.15 A example features diagnosed within 3 mo recording. recorded participant (A) baseline, propofol-exposure, postexposure periods; (B) spectrogram; (C) alpha topographic map; (D) phase-amplitude coupling; (E) phase lag index; (F) directed (G) hub location. indicates electroencephalogram.In contrast remarkable ARI, exceed chance levels. other words, but Investigating explanations result, turned our attention spectral density (PSD) study participants. PSD represents distribution signal frequencies: oscillatory peaks co-occur broadband nonoscillatory aperiodic) activity. Traditionally, analysis focused patterns specific frequency bands. followed conventional calculating focusing constructed band 8–14 Hz). However, exhibits total absence theta peaks. Indeed, dataset 43 patients, peak could only identified 13 participants.16 As alter aperiodic component general anesthesia,17,18 concerned might underpinned entirely signal. slope expanded group (n = 16) baseline propofol. expected, steepened 30 45 Hz range, 1 range 1A, 1C). Importantly, absolute participant's measured Recovery Scale-Revised (CRS-R) score 1B, 1D). Patients higher CRS-R demonstrated larger steepening anesthesia-induced non-oscillatory corresponded CRITICAL MECHANISM What anesthetic-induced revealing about dynamics awareness? compelling explanation found concept criticality, comes complex systems science. Briefly, criticality describes behavior system precisely poised between dynamical regimes, chaos stability. At fine balance point, displays optimal computation capacity, information richness, maximal sensitivity perturbation.19 system's reaction depend preperturbed distance just stone thrown water generate depending icy pond, calm lake stormy sea. Criticality increasingly explored requirement function emergence Many approaches taken brain, edge chaos—which meeting point regimes stability—and avalanche criticality—which amplification dissipation. characteristics general, Lempel-Ziv (LZC)—a measure number unique embedded To investigate potential mechanism underpinning observations, relationship metrics pre-perturbation discovered slope, information-richness, relied pre-anesthetic characteristics. results suggested brains operate far resulting weaker susceptibility global perturbations anesthesia, predict magnitude 2).Figure 2.: Alterations Power Baseline (red) Anesthesia (blue) log-log scale, averaged (MCS; top), (UWS; middle), (bottom). Illustration hypothesis: posited critical. Propofol shifts subcritical state. MCS (purple), UWS (green), (orange) distant degrees propofol.While compelling, based correlational analysis. strengthen evidence, then conducted secondary collected types (propofol, xenon, ketamine) doses roughly comparable vis-à-vis loss humans. Crucially, also contained PCI.20 states xenon diverge ketamine (where experienced vivid dreams) maintain close-to-critical dynamics. further resting-state (i.e., PCImax). confirmed predictions: ketamine, shift away increased chaoticity.21 Most importantly, PCImax, 3). provide neuronal necessary condition Beyond explanatory mechanism, major practical implications individual subjects' PCImax short 60-channel recording obtained intervention mean average error below 7%, raising intriguing possibility accurately requiring anesthesia.Figure 3.: Prediction Individual points represent subjects predrug (light green: eyes closed [EC]; dark open [EO]), (blue), (black), conditions. Conscious (yellow) separated individual-subject (based figure Maschke al21). index.PROBING THE MIND Do last suggest chasing red herring, does reveal anything beyond consciousness? short—no. First, rather than remains promising prognostication Second, due contain meaningful insights above final cannot alone. exhibited heterogenous reactions anesthesia: majority some displayed opposite pattern—a flatter accompanied more criticality.16 heterogeneity observed Toker al's included proximity edge-of-chaos 4 patients22: unintuitively chaoticity regaining heterogeneous phenotypically indistinguishable similar lack responsiveness), theoretically deviate towards too stable), supercritical chaotic). Endotyping scientific gaps Curing Campaign,23 presents identifying treatment. paradoxical increase consciousness-related complexity) propofol.24 recapitulate arousing effect zolpidem (a GABAergic drug) 10% patients.25 drugs closer supporting return Other possibilities probing mind scattered like breadcrumbs literature. example, LZC impairment times tasks responsiveness,26 entropy brain-injured children PICU variously propofol, midazolam, dexmedetomidine degree recovery.27 Such examples illustrate emerging embrace innate reactivity resilience powerful hidden capacities, mechanisms re-establish persistent unconsciousness. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 2025 T. H. Seldon Memorial Lecture delivered Research Society. DISCLOSURES Conflicts Interest: None. Funding: S. funded Canada Chair (Tier II) Consciousness Personhood Technologies; Canadian Institutes Health Project Grant (480995) Natural Sciences Engineering Council Discovery (RGPIN-2023-03619). manuscript handled by: Peter A. Goldstein, MD.

Language: Английский

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Pharmacological therapies for early and long-term recovery in disorders of consciousness: current knowledge and promising avenues

Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 1 - 21

Published: May 7, 2025

Disorders of consciousness (DoC) are characterized by impaired arousal and/or awareness, ranging from coma to unresponsive wakefulness syndrome, minimally conscious state, and cognitive motor dissociation. Pharmacological treatment options remain limited, complicated the heterogeneity etiologies, such as traumatic brain injury, stroke, infections. The lack rigorous clinical trials has led off-label use treatments, often without clear mechanistic understanding, posing challenges for effective patient care. In this perspective, authors report on key studies concerning effectiveness pharmacological interventions, including dopaminergic GABAergic agents, antidepressants, statins, anticonvulsants, in promoting recovery DoC. Robust longitudinal needed, with priority given early subacute phase intervention. Outcomes should be better defined, considering immediate responses medication while also increasing emphasis long-term quality life. Unified functional frameworks needed guide research foster collaboration. Furthermore, a shift toward personalized medicine would benefit heterogeneous population. Moving forward, assessing efficacy more unconventional or 'paradoxical' plans will essential. expect an increased AI tools identify factors that best predict responses.

Language: Английский

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Brain-heart interactions are associated with mortality and acute encephalopathy in ICU patients with severe COVID-19

Clinical Neurophysiology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 2110745 - 2110745

Published: May 1, 2025

Language: Английский

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A Pilot Human Study Using Ketamine To Treat Disorders of Consciousness

iScience, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 28(1), P. 111639 - 111639

Published: Dec. 19, 2024

Language: Английский

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An AI-Driven Model of Consciousness, Its Disorders, and Their Treatment

bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory), Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Oct. 18, 2024

Understanding the neural signatures of consciousness and mechanisms underlying its disorders, such as coma unresponsive wakefulness syndrome, remains a critical challenge in neuroscience. In this study, we present novel computational approach for silico discovery correlates consciousness, driving potential treatment strategies. Inspired by generative adversarial networks, which have driven recent advancements artificial intelligence (AI), trained deep networks to detect across multiple brain areas species, including humans. These were then integrated with genetic algorithm optimize brain-wide mean-field model electrodynamics. The result is realistic simulation conscious states disorders (DOC), not only recapitulates known unconsciousness but also predicts causes expected lead these conditions. Beyond simulating DOC, our provides platform exploring therapeutic interventions, specifically stimulation (DBS), has shown promise improving levels awareness DOC over five decades study. We systematically applied simulated DBS various regions at wide range frequencies identify an optimal paradigm reigniting cohort. Our findings suggest that addition previously studied thalamic pallidal stimulation, high-frequency subthalamic nucleus, relatively underexplored target may hold significant restoring set disorders.

Language: Английский

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Proximity to Explosive Synchronization Determines Network Collapse and Recovery Trajectories in Neural and Economic Crises

bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory), Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Dec. 3, 2024

When complex systems move away from criticality-a balance between order and chaos-they are no longer optimized. Furthermore, when criticality is lost too quickly, or recovery delayed, system damage can result. However, the mechanism for these abnormally fast slow critical transitions remains unknown. Here, we show that proximity of a network to explosive synchronization (ES), first-order phase transition, determines trajectories loss after perturbations. Our computational models revealed characteristic dynamics based on ES, enabling us infer transition types empirical data predict patterns. We validated our predictions using human brain under anesthesia stock market during an economic crisis, demonstrating early prolonged recoveries be systematically predicted. This study has implications designing resilient networks withstand perturbations recover quickly.

Language: Английский

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Chaotic recurrent neural networks for brain modelling: A review

Neural Networks, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 184, P. 107079 - 107079

Published: Dec. 27, 2024

Language: Английский

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