
Scientific Reports, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 15(1)
Published: April 2, 2025
Metformin is an antidiabetic drug used in type 2 diabetes as well indicators polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and cancer. Due to their increase popularity, high amounts of metformin are being released into aquatic environments. However, the toxic effect on embryonic development organisms remains limited. Therefore, this study aimed elucidate lethal embryotoxicity determine underlying molecular pathways influencing using a zebrafish model through multi-omics analysis. was microinjected embryos at 1-cell stage with varying concentrations (50 mM, 100 200 400 800 mM). From results, hatching rates decreased dose dependent manner. Fetal malformation mortality (LC50 = 339.8 mM) increased In situ hybridization whole-embryo assays demonstrated that exerts significant impact initial stages development, leading aberrant differentiation germ layers, perturbed organogenesis, delayed development. Furthermore, transcriptomics, metabolomics, lipidomics were mechanisms toxicity. The results showed cell cycle, dorsoventral axis formation, collecting duct acid secretion significantly altered treated embryos. brief, these provide useful information toxicity mechanism overdose clues for further studies humans.
Language: Английский