The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis

Physiological Reviews, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 99(4), P. 1877 - 2013

Published: Aug. 28, 2019

The importance of the gut-brain axis in maintaining homeostasis has long been appreciated. However, past 15 yr have seen emergence microbiota (the trillions microorganisms within and on our bodies) as one key regulators function led to appreciation a distinct microbiota-gut-brain axis. This is gaining ever more traction fields investigating biological physiological basis psychiatric, neurodevelopmental, age-related, neurodegenerative disorders. brain communicate with each other via various routes including immune system, tryptophan metabolism, vagus nerve enteric nervous involving microbial metabolites such short-chain fatty acids, branched chain amino peptidoglycans. Many factors can influence composition early life, infection, mode birth delivery, use antibiotic medications, nature nutritional provision, environmental stressors, host genetics. At extreme diversity diminishes aging. Stress, particular, significantly impact at all stages life. Much recent work implicated gut many conditions autism, anxiety, obesity, schizophrenia, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease. Animal models paramount linking regulation fundamental neural processes, neurogenesis myelination, microbiome activation microglia. Moreover, translational human studies are ongoing will greatly enhance field. Future focus understanding mechanisms underlying attempt elucidate microbial-based intervention therapeutic strategies for neuropsychiatric

Language: Английский

---

Oral microbiome: Unveiling the fundamentals

Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 23(1), P. 122 - 122

Published: Jan. 1, 2019

The oral cavity has the second largest and diverse microbiota after gut harboring over 700 species of bacteria. It nurtures numerous microorganisms which include bacteria, fungi, viruses protozoa. mouth with its various niches is an exceptionally complex habitat where microbes colonize hard surfaces teeth soft tissues mucosa. In addition to being initiation point digestion, microbiome crucial in maintaining as well systemic health. Because ease sample collection, it become most well-studied till date. Previously, studying was limited conventional culture-dependent techniques, but abundant microflora present could not be cultured. Hence, difficult. emergence new genomic technologies including next-generation sequencing bioinformatics revealed complexities microbiome. provided a powerful means Understanding health disease will give further directions explore functional metabolic alterations associated diseased states identify molecular signatures for drug development targeted therapies ultimately help rendering personalized precision medicine. This review article attempt explain different aspects

Language: Английский

---

Mucosal microbiome dysbiosis in gastric carcinogenesis

Gut, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 67(6), P. 1024 - 1032

Published: Aug. 1, 2017

Objectives We aimed to characterise the microbial changes associated with histological stages of gastric tumourigenesis. Design performed 16S rRNA gene analysis mucosal samples from 81 cases including superficial gastritis (SG), atrophic (AG), intestinal metaplasia (IM) and cancer (GC) Xi’an, China, determine microbiome dysbiosis across GC. validated results in 126 Inner Mongolia, China. Results observed significant mucosa IM GC subjects, enrichment 21 depletion 10 bacterial taxa compared SG (q<0.05). Microbial network showed increasing correlation strengths among them disease progression (p<0.001). Five GC-enriched whose species identifications correspond Peptostreptococcus stomatis , Streptococcus anginosus Parvimonas micra Slackia exigua Dialister pneumosintes had centralities ecological (p<0.05) classified an area under receiver-operating curve (AUC) 0.82. Moreover, stronger interactions microbes were Helicobacter pylori -negative H. -positive IM. The fold selected bacteria, their successfully Mongolian cohort, which five markers distinguished AUC 0.81. Conclusions In addition compositional changes, we identified differences carcinogenesis. enrichments suggest potentially important roles P. D. S. progression.

Language: Английский

---

Insights into the human oral microbiome

Archives of Microbiology, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 200(4), P. 525 - 540

Published: March 23, 2018

Language: Английский

---

The oral microbiome: Role of key organisms and complex networks in oral health and disease

Periodontology 2000, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 87(1), P. 107 - 131

Published: Aug. 31, 2021

Abstract States of oral health and disease reflect the compositional functional capacities of, as well interspecies interactions within, microbiota. The cavity exists a highly dynamic microbial environment that harbors many distinct substrata microenvironments house diverse communities. Specific to cavity, nonshedding dental surfaces facilitate development complex polymicrobial biofilm communities, characterized not only by microbes comprising them, but cumulatively their activities. Adding this complexity, faces near‐constant environmental challenges, including those from host diet, salivary flow, masticatory forces, introduction exogenous microbes. composition microbiome is shaped throughout life factors genetics, maternal transmission, factors, such dietary habits, hygiene practice, medications, systemic factors. This ecosystem presents opportunities for dysbiosis periodontal diseases. application both in vitro culture‐independent approaches has broadened mechanistic understandings communities within environmental, local, underpinnings influence dynamics microbiome. Here, we review present knowledge current understanding influences challenges upon system encourage homeostasis or provoke perturbation, thus contribute states disease.

Language: Английский

---

Salivary secretion in health and disease

Journal of Oral Rehabilitation, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 45(9), P. 730 - 746

Published: June 7, 2018

Summary Saliva is a complex fluid produced by 3 pairs of major salivary glands and hundreds minor glands. It comprises large variety constituents physicochemical properties, which are important for the maintenance oral health. not only protects teeth oropharyngeal mucosa, it also facilitates articulation speech, imperative mastication swallowing. Furthermore, saliva plays an role in maintaining balanced microbiota. Thus, multiple functions provided essential proper protection functioning body as whole general A number diseases medications can affect secretion through different mechanisms, leading to gland dysfunction associated problems, including xerostomia, dental caries fungal infections. The first part this review article provides updated insight into our understanding structure, neural regulation secretion, mechanisms underlying formation saliva, various factors that influence under normal physiological conditions. second focuses on how medical treatment commonly prescribed cancer therapies structure function. We provide brief diagnose dysfunction.

Language: Английский

---

The role of natural salivary defences in maintaining a healthy oral microbiota

Journal of Dentistry, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 80, P. S3 - S12

Published: Jan. 1, 2019

To provide an update on our current understanding of how saliva and its various constituents directly indirectly affect oral bacteria thereby play a role in the modulation maintenance healthy microbiota also associations with symbiosis dysbiosis.The search for biomedical literature antimicrobial activities (years 1966 to 2017) was conducted PubMed, Embase Web Science databases.This review underlines that plays essential shaping maintaining ecological equilibrium resident microbiota. Saliva contributes formation salivary pellicle, which covers hard soft tissues, determines initial adhesion colonisation microorganisms. facilitates clearance dietary carbohydrates microorganisms from cavity, but supplies nutrients through enzymatic breakdown starch proteins glycoproteins. In addition, comprises such as mucins, block adherence certain surfaces binding aggregating mechanisms. provides activity numerous peptides including lactoferrin, lysozyme, lactoperoxidase, statherin, histatins secretory immunoglobulin A.A balanced microbiome is important health symbiosis. Conditions associated gland hypofunction, impaired clearance, low pH altered composition, often lead perturbation function composition causing dysbiosis, risk disease.Saliva significant keeping relationship between host symbiotic state. conditions dysfunction, natural balance disturbed, leading dysbiosis risks gingivitis, caries fungal infection.

Language: Английский

---

Disparities in Access to Oral Health Care

Annual Review of Public Health, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 41(1), P. 513 - 535

Published: Jan. 4, 2020

In the United States, people are more likely to have poor oral health if they low-income, uninsured, and/or members of racial/ethnic minority, immigrant, or rural populations who suboptimal access quality care. As a result, serves as national symbol social inequality. There is increasing recognition among those in public that diseases such dental caries and periodontal disease general conditions obesity diabetes closely linked by sharing common risk factors, including excess sugar consumption tobacco use, well underlying infection inflammatory pathways. Hence, efforts integrate primary care, incorporate interventions at multiple levels improve services, create care teams provide patient-centered both safety net clinics community settings may narrow gaps across life course.

Language: Английский

---

Resilience of the Oral Microbiota in Health: Mechanisms That Prevent Dysbiosis

Journal of Dental Research, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 97(4), P. 371 - 380

Published: Dec. 1, 2017

Dental diseases are now viewed as a consequence of deleterious shift in the balance normally stable resident oral microbiome. It is known that frequent carbohydrate consumption or reduced saliva flow can lead to caries, and excessive plaque accumulation increases risk periodontal diseases. However, when these "disease drivers" present, while some individuals appear be susceptible, others more tolerant resilient suffering from undesirable changes their Health-maintaining mechanisms limit effect disease drivers include complex set metabolic functional interrelationships develop within dental biofilms between host. In contrast, "positive feedback loops" microbial communities disrupt resilience provoke large abrupt change function structure ecosystem (a "regime shift"), which promotes dysbiosis disease. For instance, acidification due fermentation inflammation response accumulated select for cariogenic periopathogenic microbiota, respectively, chain self-reinforcing events. Conversely, individuals, health-maintaining mechanisms, including negative drivers, maintain promote resistance recovery drivers. Recently studied ammonia production, limiting drop pH denitrification, could inhibit several stages disease-associated positive loops. Omics studies comparing microbiome of, its interaction with, susceptible hosts detect markers resilience. The neutralization inhibition together with identification promotion health-promoting species functions, example, by pre- probiotics, enhance new strategies prevent

Language: Английский

---

Reassessing the Host Defense Peptide Landscape

Frontiers in Chemistry, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 7

Published: Feb. 4, 2019

Current research has demonstrated that small cationic amphipathic peptides have strong potential not only as antimicrobials, but also antibiofilm agents, immune modulators, and anti-inflammatories. Although traditionally termed antimicrobial (AMPs) these additional roles prompted a shift in terminology to use the broader term host defense (HDPs) capture multi-functional nature of molecules. In this review, we critically examined role AMPs HDPs infectious diseases inflammation. It is generally accepted are multi-faceted mediators wide range biological processes, with individual activities dependent on their polypeptide sequence. context, explore concept chemical space it applies hypothesize various functions class molecule exist independent overlapping activity landscapes. Finally, outline several emerging highlight how an improved understanding processes can potentially be leveraged more fully realize therapeutic promise HDPs.

Language: Английский

---