Frontiers in Physiology,
Journal Year:
2011,
Volume and Issue:
2
Published: Jan. 1, 2011
Glycogen
is
the
storage
form
of
carbohydrates
in
mammals.
In
humans
majority
glycogen
stored
skeletal
muscles
(∼500
g)
and
liver
(∼100
g).
Food
supplied
larger
meals,
but
blood
glucose
concentration
has
to
be
kept
within
narrow
limits
survive
stay
healthy.
Therefore,
body
cope
with
periods
excess
without
supplementation.
Healthy
persons
remove
rapidly
when
excess,
insulin-stimulated
disposal
reduced
insulin
resistant
type
2
diabetic
subjects.
During
a
hyperinsulinemic
euglycemic
clamp,
70-90%
will
as
muscle
healthy
The
stores
are
limited
because
an
efficient
feedback-mediated
inhibition
synthase
prevents
accumulation.
De
novo
lipid
synthesis
can
contribute
filled.
Exercise
physiologists
normally
consider
glycogen's
main
function
energy
substrate.
substrate
during
exercise
intensity
above
70%
maximal
oxygen
uptake
([Formula:
see
text])
fatigue
develops
depleted
active
muscles.
After
exercise,
rate
increased
replete
stores,
Indeed
elevated
after
which,
from
evolutional
point
view,
favor
repletion
preparation
for
new
"fight
or
flight"
events.
modern
society,
allows
that
channeled
de
synthesis,
which
over
time
causes
ectopic
fat
accumulation
resistance.
reduction
meals
development
diabetes.
Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology,
Journal Year:
2012,
Volume and Issue:
5(1), P. a007898 - a007898
Published: Nov. 20, 2012
Jennifer
L.
Stamos
and
William
I.
Weis
Departments
of
Structural
Biology
Molecular
Cellular
Physiology,
Stanford
University
School
Medicine,
Stanford,
California
94305
Correspondence:
bill.weis{at}stanford.edu
Science,
Journal Year:
2005,
Volume and Issue:
310(5753), P. 1504 - 1510
Published: Nov. 18, 2005
How
cyclooxygenase-2
(COX-2)
and
its
proinflammatory
metabolite
prostaglandin
E2
(PGE2)
enhance
colon
cancer
progression
remains
poorly
understood.
We
show
that
PGE2
stimulates
cell
growth
through
heterotrimeric
guanine
nucleotide-binding
protein
(G
protein)-coupled
receptor,
EP2,
by
a
signaling
route
involves
the
activation
of
phosphoinositide
3-kinase
kinase
Akt
free
G
betagamma
subunits
direct
association
alphas
subunit
with
regulator
(RGS)
domain
axin.
This
leads
to
inactivation
release
glycogen
synthase
3beta
from
complex
axin,
thereby
relieving
inhibitory
phosphorylation
beta-catenin
activating
pathway.
These
findings
may
provide
molecular
framework
for
future
evaluation
chemopreventive
strategies
colorectal
cancer.
Biochemical Journal,
Journal Year:
2012,
Volume and Issue:
441(3), P. 763 - 787
Published: Jan. 16, 2012
Glycogen
is
a
branched
polymer
of
glucose
that
acts
as
store
energy
in
times
nutritional
sufficiency
for
utilization
need.
Its
metabolism
has
been
the
subject
extensive
investigation
and
much
known
about
its
regulation
by
hormones
such
insulin,
glucagon
adrenaline
(epinephrine).
There
debate
over
relative
importance
allosteric
compared
with
covalent
control
key
biosynthetic
enzyme,
glycogen
synthase,
well
entry
into
cells
synthase
determining
accumulation.
Significant
new
developments
eukaryotic
last
decade
or
so
include:
(i)
three-dimensional
structures
enzymes
glycogenin
associated
implications
mechanism
control;
(ii)
analyses
several
genetically
engineered
mice
altered
shed
light
on
(iii)
greater
appreciation
spatial
aspects
metabolism,
including
more
focus
lysosomal
degradation
glycogen;
(iv)
phosphorylation
advances
study
Lafora
disease,
which
emerging
storage
disease.
