Environmental Science & Technology,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
54(4), P. 2078 - 2090
Published: Jan. 30, 2020
Research
on
microplastics
in
soils
is
still
uncommon,
and
the
existing
publications
are
often
incomparable
due
to
use
of
different
sampling,
processing,
analytical
methods.
Given
complex
nature
soils,
a
suitable
efficient
method
for
standardized
microplastic
analysis
soil
matrix
has
yet
be
found.
This
paper
proposes
critical
review
published
methods
extraction,
purification,
identification/quantification
environmental
matrices,
with
main
focus
their
applicability
samples.
While
large
particles
can
manually
sorted
out
verified
chemical
analysis,
sample
preparation
smaller
usually
more
difficult.
Of
approaches
proposed
literature,
some
established,
whereas
others
proof
principle
have
not
been
applied
For
sake
development,
all
discussed
assessed
potential
So
far,
none
seems
ideally
samples,
but
slight
modifications
combinations
may
prove
promising
need
explored.
Environmental Science & Technology,
Journal Year:
2019,
Volume and Issue:
53(3), P. 1039 - 1047
Published: Jan. 4, 2019
The
accumulation
of
plastic
litter
in
natural
environments
is
a
global
issue.
Concerns
over
potential
negative
impacts
on
the
economy,
wildlife,
and
human
health
provide
strong
incentives
for
improving
sustainable
use
plastics.
Despite
many
voices
raised
issue,
we
lack
consensus
how
to
define
categorize
debris.
This
evident
microplastics,
where
inconsistent
size
classes
are
used
materials
be
included
under
debate.
While
this
inherent
an
emerging
research
field,
ambiguous
terminology
results
confusion
miscommunication
that
may
compromise
progress
mitigation
measures.
Therefore,
need
explicit
what
exactly
consider
Thus,
critically
discuss
advantages
disadvantages
unified
terminology,
propose
definition
categorization
framework,
highlight
areas
uncertainty.
Going
beyond
classes,
our
framework
includes
physicochemical
properties
(polymer
composition,
solid
state,
solubility)
as
defining
criteria
size,
shape,
color,
origin
classifiers
categorization.
Acknowledging
rapid
evolution
knowledge
pollution,
will
promote
building
within
scientific
regulatory
community
based
foundation.
Global Change Biology,
Journal Year:
2017,
Volume and Issue:
24(4), P. 1405 - 1416
Published: Dec. 16, 2017
Abstract
Microplastics
(plastics
<5
mm,
including
nanoplastics
which
are
<0.1
μm)
originate
from
the
fragmentation
of
large
plastic
litter
or
direct
environmental
emission.
Their
potential
impacts
in
terrestrial
ecosystems
remain
largely
unexplored
despite
numerous
reported
effects
on
marine
organisms.
Most
plastics
arriving
oceans
were
produced,
used,
and
often
disposed
land.
Hence,
it
is
within
systems
that
microplastics
might
first
interact
with
biota
eliciting
ecologically
relevant
impacts.
This
article
introduces
pervasive
microplastic
contamination
as
a
agent
global
change
systems,
highlights
physical
chemical
nature
respective
observed
effects,
discusses
broad
toxicity
derived
breakdown.
Making
links
to
fate
aquatic
continental
we
here
present
new
insights
into
mechanisms
geochemistry,
biophysical
environment,
ecotoxicology.
Broad
changes
environments
possible
even
particle‐rich
habitats
such
soils.
Furthermore,
there
growing
body
evidence
indicating
organisms
mediate
essential
ecosystem
services
functions,
soil
dwelling
invertebrates,
fungi,
plant‐pollinators.
Therefore,
research
needed
clarify
microplastics.
We
suggest
due
widespread
presence,
persistence,
various
interactions
biota,
pollution
represent
an
emerging
threat
ecosystems.
Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
125(1)
Published: Jan. 1, 2020
Abstract
Society
has
become
increasingly
reliant
on
plastics
since
commercial
production
began
in
about
1950.
Their
versatility,
stability,
light
weight,
and
low
costs
have
fueled
global
demand.
Most
are
initially
used
discarded
land.
Nonetheless,
the
amount
of
microplastics
some
oceanic
compartments
is
predicted
to
double
by
2030.
To
solve
this
problem,
we
must
understand
plastic
composition,
physical
forms,
uses,
transport,
fragmentation
into
(and
nanoplastics).
Plastic
debris/microplastics
arise
from
land
disposal,
wastewater
treatment,
tire
wear,
paint
failure,
textile
washing,
at‐sea
losses.
Riverine
atmospheric
storm
water,
disasters
facilitate
releases.
In
surface
waters
plastics/microplastics
weather,
biofoul,
aggregate,
sink,
ingested
organisms
redistributed
currents.
Ocean
sediments
likely
ultimate
destination.
Plastics
release
additives,
concentrate
environmental
contaminants,
serve
as
substrates
for
biofilms,
including
exotic
pathogenic
species.
Microplastic
abundance
increases
fragment
size
decreases,
does
proportion
capable
ingesting
them.
Particles
<20
μm
may
penetrate
cell
membranes,
exacerbating
risks.
Exposure
can
compromise
feeding,
metabolic
processes,
reproduction,
behavior.
But
more
investigation
required
draw
definitive
conclusions.
Human
ingestion
contaminated
seafood
water
a
concern.
Microplastics
indoors
present
yet
uncharacterized
risks,
magnified
time
spend
inside
(>90%)
polymeric
products
therein.
Scientific
challenges
include
improving
microplastic
sampling
characterization
approaches,
understanding
long‐term
behavior,
additive
bioavailability,
organismal
ecosystem
health
Solutions
globally
based
pollution
prevention,
developing
degradable
polymers
reducing
consumption/expanding
reuse.
Environmental Pollution,
Journal Year:
2018,
Volume and Issue:
238, P. 999 - 1007
Published: Feb. 21, 2018
Microplastics
are
highly
bioavailable
to
marine
organisms,
either
through
direct
ingestion,
or
indirectly
by
trophic
transfer
from
contaminated
prey.
The
latter
has
been
observed
for
low-trophic
level
organisms
in
laboratory
conditions,
yet
empirical
evidence
high
trophic-level
taxa
is
lacking.
In
natura
studies
face
difficulties
when
dealing
with
contamination
and
differentiating
between
directly
ingested
microplastics.
ethical
constraints
of
subjecting
large
such
as
mammals,
investigations
hinder
the
resolution
these
limitations.
Here,
issues
were
resolved
analysing
sub-samples
scat
captive
grey
seals
(Halichoerus
grypus)
whole
digestive
tracts
wild-caught
Atlantic
mackerel
(Scomber
scombrus)
they
fed
upon.
An
enzymatic
digestion
protocol
was
employed
remove
excess
organic
material
facilitate
visual
detection
synthetic
particles
without
damaging
them.
Polymer
type
confirmed
using
Fourier-Transform
Infrared
(FTIR)
spectroscopy.
Extensive
control
measures
implemented
throughout.
Approximately
half
subsamples
(48%;
n
=
15)
a
third
fish
(32%;
10)
contained
1-4
Particles
mainly
black,
clear,
red
blue
colour.
Mean
lengths
1.5
mm
2
scats
respectively.
Ethylene
propylene
most
frequently
detected
polymer
both.
Our
findings
suggest
represents
an
indirect,
potentially
major,
pathway
microplastic
ingestion
any
species
whose
feeding
ecology
involves
consumption
prey,
including
humans.
Environmental Science & Technology,
Journal Year:
2018,
Volume and Issue:
52(13), P. 7409 - 7417
Published: June 9, 2018
Complex
and
organic-rich
solid
substrates
such
as
sludge
soil
have
been
shown
to
be
contaminated
by
microplastics;
however,
methods
for
extracting
plastic
particles
not
yet
systemically
tested
or
standardized.
This
study
investigated
four
main
protocols
the
removal
of
organic
material
during
analysis
microplastics
from
complex
matrices:
oxidation
using
H2O2,
Fenton's
reagent,
alkaline
digestion
with
NaOH
KOH.
Eight
common
polymer
types
were
used
assess
influence
reagent
exposure
on
particle
integrity.
Organic
matter
efficiencies
established
test
samples.
was
identified
optimum
protocol.
All
other
showed
signs
degradation
resulted
in
an
insufficient
reduction
content.
A
further
validation
procedure
revealed
high
microplastic
extraction
different
morphologies.
confirmed
suitability
use
conjunction
density
separation
microplastics.
approach
affords
greater
comparability
existing
studies
that
utilize
a
density-based
technique.
Recommendations
method
optimization
also
improve
recovery
complex,
environmental
