Research Square (Research Square),
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
unknown
Published: Jan. 22, 2024
Abstract
The
nitramines
ε-
and
β-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitanes
(ε-CL-20
β-CL-20),
cis-1,3,4,6-tetranitrooctahydroimidazo-[4,5-d]imidazole
(BCHMX),
six
β-CL20/BCHMX
co-agglomerates
(CACs)
1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazepane
(TTAZ)
have
been
subjected
to
XPS
analysis
determine
their
N
1s
(N-NO
2
)
O
(NO
binding
energies
(
E
bind
).
values
for
found
be
closely
related
the
molecular
structure
of
studied;
growth
logically
corresponds
a
decrease
in
sensitivity
both
impact
electric
spark.
O1s
is
mostly
inversely
energy
directly
proportional
that
sparks.
For
detonation
rates,
pure
are
proportional;
CACs,
however,
this
relationship
proportional.
These
findings
supported
by
analogous
relations
with
crystal
density,
especially
case
1s.
In
terms
co-crystal
identification
among
there
auxiliary
exist
between
on
one
hand
Raman
ring
deformation
vibration
(wrt
FTIR
symmetric
N-O
stretching
other.
All
relationships
discussed.
Hirshfeld
CL20
shows
more
stable
intermolecular
fingerprint
plots
its
β-isomer
than
ɛ-analog,
which
might
reason
stabilization
nitramine
co-crystals.
Crystal Growth & Design,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
24(17), P. 7361 - 7388
Published: Aug. 19, 2024
In
2011,
cocrystallization
of
energetic
materials
became
a
hot
topic
and
pathway
to
overcome
the
energy−safety
contradiction;
especially
for
commercially
attractive
nitramines,
it
first
preference
researchers.
The
present
review
focuses
on
energetic−energetic
four
CL20,
HMX,
BCHMX,
RDX,
structural
aspects
these
cocrystals,
their
influence
thermochemical
detonation
properties.
Cocrystallization
has
proven
be
crystal
engineering
technique
achieve
safety
morphological
suitability
cocrystals
(EECCs).
Overall,
in
most
cases,
impact
sensitivities
EECCs
are
decreased,
this
is
phenomenal
change;
however,
needed
adjust
with
properties
slightly,
negligible
if
coformer
(EMs)
properly
chosen.
There
other
notable
variations
morphologies
packing
crystals,
including
key
such
as
relatively
high
density
melting
point.
These
changes
occur
due
binding
energy,
trigger
bond
length,
cohesive
energy
during
cocrystallization.
Researchers
highly
focused
nitramines;
earlier
reported
methods
lacking
selectivity
scalability.
When
comes
adoption
industrial
scale
production
EECCs,
more
difficult.
We
conducted
thorough
literature
survey.
Also
we
discussed
about
recently
developed
VPSZ
coagglomeration
method,
which
provides
huge
opportunity
tune
performance
existing
easy
up
level.
FirePhysChem,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
4(4), P. 283 - 294
Published: March 6, 2024
Co-agglomeration
unique
crystal
engineering
approach;
in
which
the
co-precipitated
micro-particles
of
nitramines
with
other
energetic
materials
co-agglomerated
by
slurry
method;
to
modify
properties
attractive
like
CL20,
HMX,
BCHMX,
and
RDX
etc.
The
interesting
structural
modifications
newly
prepared
crystals
(CACs)
one
are
discussed
here.
There
notable
variations
morphologies
packing
crystals,
including
key
relatively
high
density,
melting
point,
impact
sensitivity,
detonation
properties.
These
CACs
overwhelming
majority
showing
co-crystals.
Apart
from
these
aspects,
co-agglomeration
provides
a
huge
opportunity
tune
performance
existing
is
easy
scale-up
for
industrial
level.
preliminary
results
also
suggest
that
chemical
factors
involved
preparation
have
tremendous
improvements
than
conventional
crystallization.
With
technological
optimization
this
method
can
be
employable
scale
production.
FirePhysChem,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
5(1), P. 68 - 73
Published: June 1, 2024
The
literature
widely
reported
information
about
apparent
high
impact
sensitivities
of
both
the
pure
2,4,6-trinitrotoluene
(TNT;
i.e.
14
-
16
J)
and
ɛ-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane
(ɛ-CL20;
2
4.4
J),
which
mostly
correspond
to
BAM
method
determination.
This
brief
overview
discusses
reasons
these
error
data.
physical
organic
chemistry
approach
this
problem
has
confirmed
Beijing
Inst.
Technology
value
13.2
J
for
ɛ-CL20
LANL
39.2
TNT.
morphological
instability
ɛ-CL20,
when
in
contact
with
polar
binders
or
plasticizers,
might
not
have
much
influence
on
its
application
propellants.
stabilization
ɛ-
β-CL20
upon
entry
into
a
cocrystal
coformer
having
character
polynitro
compound
(especially
nitramines)
could
be
practical
importance.
sensitivity
TNT
is
important
handling
processing
safety
related
specific
samples.
However,
they
cannot
used
molecular-structural
analyses
predictions
as
comparative
standard,
currently
widespread
literature.
Aerospace,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
12(4), P. 272 - 272
Published: March 24, 2025
Energetic
co-particles
have
been
proven
effective
in
balancing
high-energy
and
safety
performance,
which
might
be
used
as
insensitive
oxidizers
solid
propellants.
In
this
work,
the
high
temperature
interactions
between
several
aluminum
(Al)
powders
presence
of
ammonium
perchlorate
(AP)
studied.
The
are
based
on
octogen
(HMX)
hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane
(CL-20),
with
balanced
energy
content
performance.
They
to
combine
Al
AP
form
either
binary
or
ternary
systems.
Their
release
rate
during
decomposition
combustion
fully
evaluated.
Due
intimate
contact
components
co-particles,
binary/ternary
systems
exhibit
superior
reaction
efficiency
compared
relevant
mechanical
mixtures
same
formulations.
These
novel
energetic
maximum
two
times
higher
pressurization
rate,
10%
heat
explosion,
53.8%
flame
propagation
much
shorter
ignition
delay
than
corresponding
normal
mixtures.
For
both
HMX-
CL-20-based
co-particle
systems,
median
size
condensed
products
(CCPs)
is
smaller
those
mixtures,
Al2O3.
This
indicates
that
advantages
improving
particles
by
eliminating
their
agglomeration.
