Zwitterionic Energetic Materials: Synthesis, Structural Diversity and Energetic Properties

Chemistry - An Asian Journal, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 19(17)

Published: June 10, 2024

Abstract Zwitterionic compounds are an emergent class of energetic materials and have gained synthetic interest many in the recent years. Due to their better packing efficiencies strong inter/intramolecular electrostatic interactions, they often ensue superior properties than salt analogues. A systematic review from perspective design, synthesis, physicochemical evaluation zwitterionic is presented. Depending on parent ring(s) used for synthesis type moieties bearing positive negative charges, different classes materials, such as primary explosives, secondary heat resistant oxidizers, etc., may result. The some also compared with analogous salts. This will encourage readers explore possibility designing new materials.

Language: Английский

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Approaching the Thermostability Limit of Nitrogen-Rich Heterocyclic Perchlorate-Based Energetic Materials

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 16(37), P. 49434 - 49441

Published: Sept. 4, 2024

In recent years, driven by ever-increasing application of energetic materials in deep-seated mineral resource exploitation and aerospace engineering, the mining advanced safe with significant thermal stability has drawn widespread publicity. Here, a tricyclic bridged compound 2-amino-4,6-bis(3,5-diamino-4-nitropyrazol-1-yl)-1,3,5-triazine (

Language: Английский

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Intramolecular Cyclization and Energetic Group Modifications for Thermally Stable and Low-Sensitivity Monocyclic Dinitromethyl Zwitterionic Pyrazoles

Inorganic Chemistry, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Jan. 13, 2025

Zwitterionic energetic materials offer a unique combination of high performance and stability, yet their synthesis stability enhancement remain key challenges. In this study, we report the highly stable (dinitromethyl-functionalized zwitterionic compound, 1-(amino(iminio)methyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)dinitromethanide (4), with thermal decomposition temperature 215 °C, surpassing that most previously reported monocyclic zwitterions (Td < 150 °C). This compound was synthesized via intramolecular cyclization trinitromethyl-functionalized hydrazone precursor. Further chemical modifications, including nitration fluorination, enabled zwitterion-to-zwitterion transformations, resulting in formation nitramines 10 12. Additionally, perchlorate salt (8) 4 synthesized, along ammonium (13), guanidinium (14), potassium (15) salts derived from 10, all retaining properties. Physicochemical evaluations reveal zwitterion 12 exhibits excellent = 181 °C) an optimal balance between energy output (detonation velocity: 8329 m s-1, detonation pressure: 29.4 GPa) reduced sensitivity (impact sensitivity: 35 J, friction 320 N). Notably, 15 demonstrates superior 233 °C), exceeding RDX. These results expand design framework for contribute to development high-energy, low-sensitivity materials.

Language: Английский

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Polynitro 1,2,3-triazole energetic materials with excellent properties through the combination of hydrogen-rich cation and N-amino group

Energetic Materials Frontiers, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: March 1, 2025

Language: Английский

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Integration of 1,2,3-Triazine N-Oxide and 2,4,6-Trinitroaniline Moieties for the Design of Heat-Resistant Energetic Compounds

Organic Letters, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: March 7, 2025

Heat-resistant energetic compounds are of great importance in the field material chemistry. Here, we report a practical synthesis series fused-ring via combination 1,2,3-triazine N-oxide and 2,4,6-trinitroaniline moieties. Starting from known compound 4,6-diamino-2-chloropyrimidine-5-carbonitrile (1), nucleophilic substitution followed by one-step nitration introduced three nitro groups onto benzene ring moiety, simultaneously. The resulting 4-7 exhibited high decomposition temperature (Td > 250 °C) as well relatively good detonation properties low sensitivities.

Language: Английский

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Replacing C-Nitro with C-Tetrazole: A Promising Strategy to Enhance the Detonation Performance and Stability of Explosives

Crystal Growth & Design, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: March 26, 2025

The fully nitrated azole-based energetic materials are high in energy but unstable, which limits their practical applications. Tetrazole, with its formation enthalpy and intrinsic acidic hydrogen, can react nitrogen-rich bases, further enhancing both the stability. Consequently, we replaced C-nitro group 1,2,4-triazole C-tetrazole, resulting synthesis of 1-(trinitromethyl)-5-nitroimino-3-tetrazole-1,2,4-triazole (TNTT, 4). salts 1-(dinitromethyl)-5-nitroimino-3-tetrazole-1,2,4-triazole (DNTT) were synthesized via a metathesis reaction bases derived from silver salts. All newly prepared structures (4 7–10) characterized by using single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Among these compounds, salt 9 exhibited best overall performance, an elevated decomposition temperature (Td = 181 °C), mechanical stability (IS 17.5 J, FS 216 N) detonation velocity (D 9337 m s–1) surpassed those HMX, making it promising candidate for secondary explosives. Additionally, N2H5+ 8 K+ 10 demonstrated low sensitivity ≥ 27.5 > 360 due to hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks metal–organic frameworks.

Language: Английский

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Study on the performance and efficient preparation of an ADN-based cocrystal by acoustic resonance mixing technology

Journal of Solid State Chemistry, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 125447 - 125447

Published: May 1, 2025

Language: Английский

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An Intramolecular-Lock Facilitates Planar Tricyclic Fused Energetic Compounds

Organic Letters, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 26(26), P. 5488 - 5492

Published: June 20, 2024

Exploiting novel fused cyclic frameworks through simple and efficient methods has provided a blueprint for developing advanced explosives. In this study, six new [5,6,5]-tricyclic energetic compounds (I–VI) were synthesized an intramolecular cyclization strategy involving C-NH2 directed reaction. The work not only boosts the development of but also highlights their potential applications as secondary or heat-resistant

Language: Английский

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Constructing Nitrogen-Rich Fused [5,6,5]-Tricyclic Frameworks Through Rearrangement: Heat-Resistant Zwitterionic Salt Energetic Materials

Organic Letters, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 26(47), P. 10085 - 10089

Published: Nov. 8, 2024

This study synthesized nitrogen-rich [5,6,5] fused compounds through a novel rearrangement reaction. Owing to its unique zwitterionic salt structure, product 4-1 exhibits high thermal stability (Td > 250 °C), low sensitivity (IS 40 J, FS 360 N), and acceptable detonation velocities pressures (νD = 8520 m s–1 P 32.53 GPa, respectively), which are better than those of TNT TATB. These indicate the potential salts as thermally stable energetic materials provide new synthesis strategies for constructing polycyclic heterocycles rearrangement.

Language: Английский

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Integrating three types of structure reinforcements abounding in heat-resistant explosives to construct a 3D solvent-free EMOF with superb stability

New Journal of Chemistry, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 48(28), P. 12697 - 12705

Published: Jan. 1, 2024

A 3D solvent-free energetic metal–organic framework (EMOF) [Cd(DAAT)] n with superb stability was prepared by integrating three types of structure reinforcements abounding in heat-resistant explosives.

Language: Английский

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