What is the Healthy Gut Microbiota Composition? A Changing Ecosystem across Age, Environment, Diet, and Diseases

Microorganisms, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 7(1), P. 14 - 14

Published: Jan. 10, 2019

Each individual is provided with a unique gut microbiota profile that plays many specific functions in host nutrient metabolism, maintenance of structural integrity the mucosal barrier, immunomodulation, and protection against pathogens. Gut are composed different bacteria species taxonomically classified by genus, family, order, phyla. human's shaped early life as their composition depends on infant transitions (birth gestational date, type delivery, methods milk feeding, weaning period) external factors such antibiotic use. These personal healthy core native remain relatively stable adulthood but differ between individuals due to enterotypes, body mass index (BMI) level, exercise frequency, lifestyle, cultural dietary habits. Accordingly, there not optimal since it for each individual. However, host⁻microorganism balance must be respected order optimally perform metabolic immune prevent disease development. This review will provide an overview studies focus balances same highlight close mutualistic relationship variations diseases. Indeed, dysbiosis associated only intestinal disorders also numerous extra-intestinal diseases neurological disorders. Understanding cause or consequence these health how maintain restore should useful developing promising therapeutic interventions.

Language: Английский

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Probiotics and prebiotics in intestinal health and disease: from biology to the clinic

Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 16(10), P. 605 - 616

Published: July 11, 2019

Language: Английский

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The Influence of Probiotics on the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes Ratio in the Treatment of Obesity and Inflammatory Bowel disease

Microorganisms, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 8(11), P. 1715 - 1715

Published: Nov. 1, 2020

The two most important bacterial phyla in the gastrointestinal tract, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, have gained much attention recent years. Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B) ratio is widely accepted to an influence maintaining normal intestinal homeostasis. Increased or decreased F/B regarded as dysbiosis, whereby former usually observed with obesity, latter inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Probiotics live microorganisms can confer health benefits host when administered adequate amounts. There considerable evidence of their nutritional immunosuppressive properties including reports that elucidate association probiotics ratio, IBD. Orally contribute restoration dysbiotic microbiota prevention obesity However, effects different on differ, selecting appropriate species mixture crucial. commonly tested for modifying treating IBD are from genus Lactobacillus. In this paper, we review lead weight loss immunosuppression.

Language: Английский

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Macronutrient metabolism by the human gut microbiome: major fermentation by-products and their impact on host health

Microbiome, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 7(1)

Published: June 13, 2019

The human gut microbiome is a critical component of digestion, breaking down complex carbohydrates, proteins, and to lesser extent fats that reach the lower gastrointestinal tract. This process results in multitude microbial metabolites can act both locally systemically (after being absorbed into bloodstream). impact these biochemicals on health complex, as potentially beneficial toxic be yielded from such pathways, some cases, effects are dependent upon metabolite concentration or organ locality. aim this review summarize our current knowledge how macronutrient metabolism by influences health. Metabolites discussed include short-chain fatty acids alcohols (mainly monosaccharides); ammonia, branched-chain acids, amines, sulfur compounds, phenols, indoles (derived amino acids); glycerol choline derivatives (obtained breakdown lipids); tertiary cycling carbon dioxide hydrogen. Key taxa related disease states will referred each case, gaps could contribute understanding overall wellness identified.

Language: Английский

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Human gut microbiota/microbiome in health and diseases: a review

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 113(12), P. 2019 - 2040

Published: Nov. 2, 2020

Language: Английский

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Gut Bacteroides species in health and disease

Gut Microbes, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 13(1)

Published: Jan. 1, 2021

The functional diversity of the mammalian intestinal microbiome far exceeds that host organism, and microbial genes contribute substantially to well-being host. However, beneficial gut organisms can also be pathogenic when present in or other locations body. Among dominant bacteria are several species

Language: Английский

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Factors affecting the composition of the gut microbiota, and its modulation

PeerJ, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 7, P. e7502 - e7502

Published: Aug. 16, 2019

Gut microbiota have important functions in the body, and imbalances composition diversity of those can cause several diseases. The host fosters favorable by releasing specific factors, such as microRNAs, nonspecific antimicrobial peptides, mucus immunoglobulin A that encourage growth types bacteria inhibit others. Diet, antibiotics, age change gut microbiota, many studies shown relationship between disorders diseases reported some ways to modulate balance. In this review, we highlight how shapes its via environmental nutritional factors affect it, it using prebiotics, probiotics, fecal transplantation.

Language: Английский

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Food Components and Dietary Habits: Keys for a Healthy Gut Microbiota Composition

Nutrients, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 11(10), P. 2393 - 2393

Published: Oct. 7, 2019

The gut microbiota is a changing ecosystem, containing trillions of bacteria, continuously shaped by many factors, such as dietary habits, seasonality, lifestyle, stress, antibiotics use, or diseases. A healthy host–microorganisms balance must be respected in order to optimally maintain the intestinal barrier and immune system functions and, consequently, prevent disease development. In past several decades, adoption modern habits has become growing health concern, it strongly associated with obesity related metabolic diseases, promoting inflammation both structural behavioral changes microbiota. this context, novel strategies are emerging diseases health. However, consequences these different diets on modulation still largely unknown, could potentially lead alterations microbiota, barrier, system. present review aimed focus impact single food components (macronutrients micronutrients), salt, additives, (i.e., vegan vegetarian, gluten-free, ketogenic, high sugar, low FODMAP, Western-type, Mediterranean diets) composition define optimal diet for

Language: Английский

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Regulation of Neurotransmitters by the Gut Microbiota and Effects on Cognition in Neurological Disorders

Nutrients, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 13(6), P. 2099 - 2099

Published: June 19, 2021

Emerging evidence indicates that gut microbiota is important in the regulation of brain activity and cognitive functions. Microbes mediate communication among metabolic, peripheral immune, central nervous systems via microbiota–gut–brain axis. However, it not well understood how microbiome neurons mutually interact or these interactions affect normal functioning cognition. We summarize mechanisms whereby regulate production, transportation, neurotransmitters. also discuss dysbiosis affects function, especially neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease Parkinson’s disease.

Language: Английский

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The Gut Microbiome Alterations and Inflammation-Driven Pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s Disease—a Critical Review

Molecular Neurobiology, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 56(3), P. 1841 - 1851

Published: June 23, 2018

One of the most important scientific discoveries recent years was disclosure that intestinal microflora takes part in bidirectional communication between gut and brain. Scientists suggest human may even act as "second brain" be responsible for neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although human-associated microbial communities are generally stable, they can altered by common actions experiences. Enteric bacteria, commensal, pathogenic microorganisms, have a major impact on immune system, brain development, behavior, able to produce several neurotransmitters neuromodulators serotonin, kynurenine, catecholamine, etc., well amyloids. However, destructive mechanisms, lead dementia AD, start with microbiome dysbiosis, development local systemic inflammation, dysregulation gut-brain axis. Increased permeability epithelial barrier results invasion different viruses, their neuroactive products support neuroinflammatory reactions It seems that, inflammatory-infectious hypothesis great role microbiome, starts gently push into shadow amyloid cascade has dominated decades. is strongly postulated AD begin gut, closely related imbalance microbiota. This promising area therapeutic intervention. Modulation microbiota through personalized diet or beneficial intervention, alter partners including protein, will probably become new treatment AD.

Language: Английский

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