Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Start in Pediatric Ages: Ultrafine Particulate Matter and Industrial Nanoparticles Are Key in the Early-Onset Neurodegeneration: Time to Invest in Preventive Medicine
Toxics,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
13(3), P. 178 - 178
Published: Feb. 28, 2025
Billions
of
people
are
exposed
to
fine
particulate
matter
(PM2.5)
levels
above
the
USEPA’s
annual
standard
9
μg/m3.
Common
emission
sources
anthropogenic,
producing
complex
aerosolized
toxins.
Ultrafine
(UFPM)
and
industrial
nanoparticles
(NPs)
have
major
detrimental
effects
on
brain,
but
USA
does
not
measure
UFPM
a
routine
basis.
This
review
focuses
development
progression
common
neurodegenerative
diseases,
as
diagnosed
through
neuropathology,
among
young
residents
in
Metropolitan
Mexico
City
(MMC).
MMC
is
one
most
polluted
megacities
world,
with
population
22
million
residents,
many
whom
unaware
brain
caused
by
their
atmosphere.
Fatal
diseases
(such
Alzheimer’s
Parkinson’s)
that
begin
childhood
populations
living
air
environments
preventable.
We
conclude
UFPM/NPs
capable
disrupting
neural
homeostasis
give
rise
relentless
processes
throughout
entire
life
highly
MMC.
The
paradigm
reaching
old
age
neurodegeneration
no
longer
supported.
Neurodegenerative
changes
start
early
pediatric
ages
irreversible.
It
time
invest
preventive
medicine.
Language: Английский
Cellular mechanisms underlying pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide-stimulated secretion in the adrenal medulla
Biochemical Society Transactions,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
unknown
Published: Dec. 10, 2024
The
adrenal
medulla
is
a
key
effector
of
the
sympathetic
nervous
system
in
periphery.
Its
primary
function
to
translate
variations
activity
into
hormone
outputs
that
modify
end
organ
throughout
body.
These
hormones
include
epinephrine,
norepinephrine,
and
variety
vasoactive
peptides.
Hormone
secretion
occurs
when
neurotransmitters,
delivered
by
nerves,
bind
to,
activate
receptors
on
adrenomedullary
chromaffin
cells.
In
this
context,
two
neurotransmitters
particular
importance
are
acetylcholine
(ACh)
pituitary
adenylate
cyclase
activating
polypeptide
(PACAP).
PACAP,
discovered
initially
as
secretagogue
hypothalamus,
now
appreciated
provoke
strong
secretory
response
from
cells
vitro
situ.
However,
cellular
mechanisms
underlying
PACAP-stimulated
still
poorly
understood.
sections
below,
we
will
summarize
what
known
about
actions
PACAP
medulla,
discuss
recent
advances
pertain
signaling
pathway,
highlight
areas
for
future
investigation.
Language: Английский
Endoplasmic Reticulum Calcium Signaling in Hippocampal Neurons
Biomolecules,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
14(12), P. 1617 - 1617
Published: Dec. 18, 2024
The
endoplasmic
reticulum
(ER)
is
a
key
organelle
in
cellular
homeostasis,
regulating
calcium
levels
and
coordinating
protein
synthesis
folding.
In
neurons,
the
ER
forms
interconnected
sheets
tubules
that
facilitate
propagation
of
calcium-based
signals.
Calcium
plays
central
role
modulation
regulation
numerous
functions
excitable
cells.
It
versatile
signaling
molecule
influences
neurotransmitter
release,
muscle
contraction,
gene
expression,
cell
survival.
This
review
focuses
on
intricate
dynamics
hippocampal
with
particular
emphasis
activation
voltage-gated
ionotropic
glutamate
receptors
plasma
membrane
ryanodine
inositol
1,4,5-trisphosphate
ER.
These
channels
are
involved
generation
transmission
electrical
signals
concentrations
within
neuronal
network.
By
analyzing
fluctuations
neurons
associated
handling
mechanisms
at
ER,
mitochondria,
endo-lysosome
cytosol,
we
can
gain
deeper
understanding
mechanistic
pathways
underlying
interactions
information
transfer.
Language: Английский