Acta Naturae,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
16(4), P. 48 - 61
Published: Dec. 9, 2024
Living
organisms
exhibit
an
impressive
ability
to
expand
the
basic
information
encoded
in
their
genome,
specifically
regarding
structure
and
function
of
protein.
Two
strategies
are
employed
increase
protein
diversity
functionality:
alternative
mRNA
splicing
post-translational
modifications
(PTMs).
Enzymatic
regulation
is
responsible
for
majority
chemical
reactions
occurring
within
living
cells.
However,
plants
redox
metabolism
perpetually
generates
reactive
byproducts
that
spontaneously
interact
with
modify
biomolecules,
including
proteins.
Reactive
carbonyls
resulted
from
oxidative
carbohydrates
lipids
carbonylate
proteins,
leading
latter
inactivation
deposition
form
glycation
lipoxidation
end
products.
The
nitrosylation
caused
by
nitrogen
species
plays
a
crucial
role
plant
morphogenesis
stress
reactions.
state
thiol
groups
modified
oxygen
regulated
through
interplay
thioredoxins
glutaredoxins,
thereby
influencing
processes
such
as
folding,
enzyme
activity,
calcium
hormone
signaling.
This
review
provides
summary
PTMs
chemically
active
metabolites
explores
functional
consequences
Metabolites,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
15(2), P. 97 - 97
Published: Feb. 5, 2025
Background/Objectives:
Petroleum
contamination
in
soil
exerts
toxic
effects
on
earthworms
(Eisenia
fetida)
through
non-polar
narcotic
mechanisms.
However,
the
specific
toxicities
of
individual
petroleum
components
remain
insufficiently
understood.
Methods:
This
study
investigates
four
components—saturated
hydrocarbons,
aromatic
resins,
and
asphaltenes—on
artificially
contaminated
soil,
utilizing
a
combination
biochemical
biomarker
analysis
metabolomics
to
uncover
underlying
molecular
Results:
The
results
revealed
that
hydrocarbons
are
most
fraction,
with
EC50
concentrations
significantly
lower
than
those
other
fractions.
All
tested
fractions
triggered
notable
metabolic
disturbances
immune
responses
after
7
days
exposure,
as
evidenced
by
significant
changes
metabolite
abundance
within
critical
pathways
such
arginine
synthesis,
a-linolenic
acid
metabolism,
pentose
phosphate
pathway.
According
KEGG
pathway
analysis,
saturated
hydrocarbon
induced
marked
glycerophospholipid
proline
metabolism
pathways,
contributing
stabilization
protein
structure
membrane
integrity.
Aromatic
disrupted
arachidonic
pathway,
leading
increased
myotube
production
enhanced
defense
TCA
cycle
riboflavin
were
altered
during
exposure
colloidal
affecting
energy
cellular
respiration.
asphaltene
fraction
impacted
glycolysis,
accelerating
cycling
meet
stress-induced
increases
demands.
Conclusions:
accounted
for
highest
level
toxicity
among
petroleum-contaminated
soils.
contributions
overall
should
not
be
ignored,
each
uniquely
affects
key
biological
functions.
These
findings
emphasize
importance
monitoring
perturbations
caused
non-target
organisms
earthworms.
They
also
reveal
specificity
different
International Journal of Genomics,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
2025(1)
Published: Jan. 1, 2025
In
environments
with
high
levels
of
stress
conditions,
plants
accumulate
various
metabolic
products
under
conditions.
Among
these
products,
amino
acids
have
a
cardinal
role
in
supporting
and
maintaining
plant
developmental
processes.
The
increase
proline
content
tolerance
has
been
found
optimistic,
suggesting
the
importance
mitigating
through
osmotic
adjustments.
Exogenous
application
pretreatment
growth
development
stressful
but
excessive
negative
influence
on
growth.
Proline
two
biosynthetic
routes:
glutamate
or
ornithine
pathway,
whether
synthesize
by
precursors
is
still
debatable
as
relatively
little
known
about
it.
Plants
innate
machinery
to
from
both
pathways,
switch
particular
pathway
which
it
can
be
activated
deactivated
depends
upon
factors.
Therefore,
this
review,
we
elucidate
mitigation;
optimal
amount
required
for
maximum
benefit;
at
inhibits
growth,
factors
that
regulate
biosynthesis;
lastly,
how
benefit
all
answers
obtain
better
plants.
