Humoral and cellular immune memory to four COVID-19 vaccines

Cell, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 185(14), P. 2434 - 2451.e17

Published: May 27, 2022

Language: Английский

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Covid-19 Vaccines — Immunity, Variants, Boosters

New England Journal of Medicine, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 387(11), P. 1011 - 1020

Published: Aug. 31, 2022

T he coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic has claimed an estimated 15 million lives, including more than 1 lives in the United States alone.The rapid development of multiple Covid-19 vaccines been a triumph biomedical research, and billions vaccine doses have administered worldwide.Challenges facing field include inequitable distribution, hesitancy, waning immunity, emergence highly transmissible viral variants that partially escape antibodies.This review summarizes current state knowledge about immune responses to importance both humoral cellular immunity for durable protection against severe disease. A nti v ir l Immunit yThe system is broadly divided into innate adaptive systems.Innate are first line defense viruses rapidly triggered when pattern-recognition receptors, such as toll-like recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns.Innate antiviral includes secretion type I interferons, cytokines, certain responses, neutrophils, monocytes macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells. Adaptive second viruses, involve antigen-specific recognition epitopes.Adaptive two complementary branches system: immunity.Humoral acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibodies bind SARS-CoV-2 spike protein either neutralize virus or eliminate it through other effector mechanisms. 2,3ellular virus-specific B cells which provide long-term immunologic memory expand on reexposure antigen.B produce antibodies, CD8+ directly virally infected CD4+ help support responses.5][6][7] For variant largely escapes neutralizing may be particularly important longterm

Language: Английский

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Current evidence on efficacy of COVID‐19 booster dose vaccination against the Omicron variant: A systematic review

Journal of Medical Virology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 94(7), P. 2969 - 2976

Published: March 5, 2022

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an ongoing pandemic, which affected around 45 million confirmed cases of COVID-19, including more than 6 deaths. However, on November 24, 2021, the World Health Organization announced a new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 variant designated as B.1.1.529, concern (VOC), and has been named "Omicron." Available preliminary evidence suggests that, compared with previous VOCs, it increased risk infectivity. Studies have shown that protection from various vaccines effectiveness against hospitalization death COVID-19 decreasing slowly after two-dose schedule vaccines. In response to experiencing resurgence cases, importance vaccine booster dose durability effect third Omicron controversial yet. To address this, we conducted systematic literature survey or variant. We performed search in PubMed (Medline), Google Scholar, MedRXiv database, inception January 2022 using MeSH terms keywords "Corona Virus Disease-2019 OR AND Booster Vaccine." identified total 27 published studies. reviewed all eligible available studies shots This review may be helpful accelerating vaccination.

Language: Английский

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Correlates of protection against SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and COVID‐19 disease

Immunological Reviews, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 310(1), P. 6 - 26

Published: June 5, 2022

Antibodies against epitopes in S1 give the most accurate CoP infection by SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. Measurement of those antibodies neutralization or binding assays both have predictive value, with antibody titers giving highest statistical correlation. However, protective functions are multiple. multiple other than influence efficacy. The role cellular responses can be discerned respect to CD4

Language: Английский

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Immunological memory to SARS‐CoV ‐2 infection and COVID ‐19 vaccines

Immunological Reviews, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 310(1), P. 27 - 46

Published: June 22, 2022

Immunological memory is the basis of protective immunity provided by vaccines and previous infections. can develop from multiple branches adaptive immune system, including CD4 T cells, CD8 B long-lasting antibody responses. Extraordinary progress has been made in understanding to SARS-CoV-2 infection COVID-19 vaccines, addressing development; quantitative qualitative features different cellular anatomical compartments; durability each component antibodies. Given sophistication measurements; size human studies; use longitudinal samples cross-sectional head-to-head comparisons between or for 1 year already supersedes that any other acute infectious disease. This knowledge may help inform public policies regarding as well scientific development future against diseases.

Language: Английский

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COVID-19 vaccine update: vaccine effectiveness, SARS-CoV-2 variants, boosters, adverse effects, and immune correlates of protection

Journal of Biomedical Science, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 29(1)

Published: Oct. 15, 2022

Abstract Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been the most severe public health challenge in this century. Two years after its emergence, rapid development and deployment of effective COVID-19 vaccines have successfully controlled pandemic greatly reduced risk illness death associated with COVID-19. However, due to ability rapidly evolve, SARS-CoV-2 virus may never be eradicated, there are many important new topics work on if we need live for a long time. To end, hope provide essential knowledge researchers who improvement future vaccines. In review, provided an up-to-date summary current vaccines, discussed biological basis clinical impact variants subvariants, analyzed effectiveness various vaccine booster regimens against different strains. Additionally, reviewed potential mechanisms vaccine-induced adverse events, summarized studies regarding immune correlates protection, finally, next-generation

Language: Английский

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Waning of vaccine effectiveness against moderate and severe covid-19 among adults in the US from the VISION network: test negative, case-control study

BMJ, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. e072141 - e072141

Published: Oct. 3, 2022

To estimate the effectiveness of mRNA vaccines against moderate and severe covid-19 in adults by time since second, third, or fourth doses, age immunocompromised status.Test negative case-control study.Hospitals, emergency departments, urgent care clinics 10 US states, 17 January 2021 to 12 July 2022.893 461 (≥18 years) admitted one 261 hospitals 272 department 119 centers for covid-like illness tested SARS-CoV-2.The main outcome was waning vaccine with BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) mRNA-1273 (Moderna) during omicron delta periods, period before dominant using logistic regression conditioned on calendar week geographic area while adjusting age, race, ethnicity, local virus circulation, status, likelihood being vaccinated.45 903 people hospital (cases) were compared 213 103 who SARS-CoV-2 (controls), 287 531 168 SARS-CoV-2. In period, requiring admission 89% (95% confidence interval 88% 90%) within two months after dose 3 but waned 66% (63% 68%) four five months. Vaccine three doses visits 83% (82% 84%) initially 46% (44% 49%) Waning evident all subgroups, including young individuals not immunocompromised; although morein immunocompromised. increased among most groups a whom this booster recommended.Effectiveness vaccination. The findings support recommendations primary series consideration additional doses.

Language: Английский

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The humoral response and antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 infection

Nature Immunology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 23(7), P. 1008 - 1020

Published: June 27, 2022

Language: Английский

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Rapid decline in vaccine-boosted neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant

Cell Reports Medicine, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 3(7), P. 100679 - 100679

Published: June 20, 2022

The Omicron variant of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) exhibits reduced susceptibility to vaccine-induced neutralizing antibodies, requiring a boost generate protective immunity. We assess the magnitude and short-term durability antibodies after homologous heterologous boosting with mRNA Ad26.COV2.S vaccines. All prime-boost combinations substantially increase neutralization titers Omicron, although boosted decline rapidly within months from peak response compared against prototypic D614G variant. Boosted are higher for vaccine boosting, boosting. Homologous generates nearly equivalent activity sublineages BA.1, BA.2, BA.3 but modestly BA.2.12.1 BA.4/BA.5 BA.1. These results have implications requirements protect future variants SARS-CoV-2. This trial was conducted under ClincalTrials.gov: NCT04889209.

Language: Английский

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Nanotechnology’s frontier in combatting infectious and inflammatory diseases: prevention and treatment

Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 9(1)

Published: Feb. 21, 2024

Abstract Inflammation-associated diseases encompass a range of infectious and non-infectious inflammatory diseases, which continuously pose one the most serious threats to human health, attributed factors such as emergence new pathogens, increasing drug resistance, changes in living environments lifestyles, aging population. Despite rapid advancements mechanistic research development for these current treatments often have limited efficacy notable side effects, necessitating more effective targeted anti-inflammatory therapies. In recent years, nanotechnology has provided crucial technological support prevention, treatment, detection inflammation-associated diseases. Various types nanoparticles (NPs) play significant roles, serving vaccine vehicles enhance immunogenicity carriers improve targeting bioavailability. NPs can also directly combat pathogens inflammation. addition, facilitated biosensors pathogen imaging techniques This review categorizes characterizes different NPs, summarizes their applications It discusses challenges associated with clinical translation this field explores latest developments prospects. conclusion, opens up possibilities comprehensive management

Language: Английский

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