Physics of Fluids, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 37(4)

Published: April 1, 2025

The water surface roughness and its potential effect on the air flow in headspace of a circular pipe were investigated. A phase-detection intrusive conductivity probe was fabricated, achieving sampling rate 50 times higher special resolution 84 smaller than regular ultrasonic sensor. Two dimensionless parameters introduced to characterize under varying hydraulic conditions free within pipe. It found that is primarily correlated with Froude number flow. Flow corresponds air–water transition thickness but lower ratio between actual projection contact area. This indicates fluctuations numbers have amplitudes frequencies, vice versa. corrected drag coefficient considering proposed for describing momentum transfer from mainly related effectively reflects more fundamental mechanism interaction

Language: Английский