The drivers of GHG emissions: A novel approach to estimate emissions using nonparametric analysis

Gondwana Research, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 127, P. 4 - 21

Published: Oct. 18, 2023

The rising levels of global GHG emissions underpin climate change, hence, taking an appropriate inventory the drivers and patterns anthropogenic remains crucial to mitigating effects. However, there are conflicting views in literature on relationship between respective due lack robust analysis that accommodates interaction all significant drivers. We use novel estimation techniques decipher 26-year occurrences simultaneous assessment interactions 50 countries stratified based socioeconomic developments over period 1990-2018. This study highlights different under broader categories such as population, economic development, forest density, agricultural practices. Non-parametric estimations roughly confirm magnitude influence forests, agriculture, land-use intensity emissions, ultimately tracking most emission sinks.

Language: Английский

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Approaches to Forecasting Damage by Invasive Forest Insects and Pathogens: A Cross-Assessment

BioScience, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 73(2), P. 85 - 111

Published: Feb. 1, 2023

Abstract Nonnative insects and pathogens pose major threats to forest ecosystems worldwide, greatly diminishing the ecosystem services trees provide. Given high global diversity of arthropod microbial species, their often unknown biological features or even identities, ease accidental transport, there is an urgent need better forecast most likely species cause damage. Several risk assessment approaches have been proposed implemented guide preventative measures. However, underlying assumptions each approach rarely explicitly identified critically evaluated. We propose that evaluating implicit assumptions, optimal usages, advantages limitations could help improve combined utility. consider four general categories: using prior pest status in native previously invaded regions; statistical patterns traits gene sequences associated with a impact; sentinel other plantings expose native, nonnative, experimental settings; laboratory assays detached plant parts seedlings under controlled conditions. evaluate how what conditions are best met methods for integrating multiple our forecasting ability prevent losses from invasive pests.

Language: Английский

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From buzzes to bytes: A systematic review of automated bioacoustics models used to detect, classify and monitor insects

Journal of Applied Ecology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 61(6), P. 1199 - 1211

Published: April 3, 2024

Abstract Insects play vital ecological roles; many provide essential ecosystem services while others are economically devastating pests and disease vectors. Concerns over insect population declines expansion have generated a pressing need to effectively monitor insects across broad spatial temporal scales. A promising approach is bioacoustics, which uses sound study communities. Despite recent increases in machine learning technologies, the status of emerging automated bioacoustics methods for monitoring not well known, limiting potential applications. To address this gap, we systematically review effectiveness models past four decades, analysing 176 studies that met our inclusion criteria. We describe their strengths limitations compared traditional propose productive avenues forward. found 302 species distributed nine Orders. Studies used intentional calls (e.g. grasshopper stridulation), by‐products flight bee wingbeats) indirectly produced sounds grain movement) identification. Pests were most common focus, driven largely by weevils borers moving dried food wood. All vector focused on mosquitoes. quarter multiple families. Our illustrates learning, deep particular, becoming gold standard modelling approaches. identified could classify hundreds with 90% accuracy. Bioacoustics can be useful reducing lethal sampling, phenological patterns within days working locations or conditions where less effective shady, shrubby remote areas). However, it important note all taxa emit easily detectable sounds, pollution may impede recordings some environmental contexts. Synthesis applications : Automated tool addressing societal questions. Successful include assessing biodiversity, distribution behaviour, as evaluating restoration pest control efforts. recommend collaborations among ecologists experts increase model use researchers practitioners.

Language: Английский

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The Role of Deadwood in the Carbon Cycle: Implications for Models, Forest Management, and Future Climates

Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 55(1), P. 133 - 155

Published: Aug. 2, 2024

Deadwood represents a significant carbon pool and unique biodiversity reservoir in forests savannas but has been largely overlooked until recently. Storage release of from deadwood is controlled by interacting decomposition drivers including biotic consumers (animals microbes) abiotic factors (water, fire, sunlight, freeze–thaw). Although previous research focused mainly on forests, we synthesize studies across diverse ecosystems with woody vegetation. As changing climates land-use practices alter the landscape, expect accelerating variable rates inputs outputs pools. Currently, Earth system models implicitly represent only microbial as wood decomposition; show that many other influence Forest management increasingly recognize an important contributor to forest dynamics, biodiversity, budgets. Together, emerging knowledge modeling suggests growing need for additional contributions storage greenhouse gas emissions.

Language: Английский

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Remote Sensing Detecting of Yellow Leaf Disease of Arecanut Based on UAV Multisource Sensors

Remote Sensing, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 13(22), P. 4562 - 4562

Published: Nov. 13, 2021

Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) remote sensing technology can be used for fast and efficient monitoring of plant diseases pests, but these techniques are qualitative expressions diseases. However, the yellow leaf disease arecanut in Hainan Province is similar to a plague, with an incidence rate up 90% severely affected areas, expression not conducive assessment its severity yield. Additionally, there exists clear correlation between damage caused by pests change living vegetation volume (LVV). LVV must demonstrated through research. Therefore, this study aims apply multispectral data obtained UAV along high-resolution images obtain five indexes such as normalized difference index (NDVI), optimized soil adjusted (OSAVI), chlorophyll (LCI), green (GNDVI), red edge (NDRE) index, establish algorithm models back-propagation neural network (BPNN), decision tree, naïve Bayes, support vector machine (SVM), k-nearest-neighbor classification determine arecanut, which expressed proportion yellowing area single areca crown (in percentage). The traditional transformed into quantitative per plant. results demonstrate that accuracy test set BPNN SVM highest, at 86.57% 86.30%, respectively. structure from motion measure tree model arecanut. show relative root mean square error 34.763% 39.324%. This presents novel Significant development expected degree integration software hardware, observation accuracy, ease use UAVs owing rapid progress spectral image processing analysis algorithms.

Language: Английский

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Insect and Disease Disturbances Correlate With Reduced Carbon Sequestration in Forests of the Contiguous United States

Frontiers in Forests and Global Change, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 4

Published: Oct. 1, 2021

Major efforts are underway to harness the carbon sequestration capacity of forests combat global climate change. However, tree damage and death associated with insect disease disturbance can reduce this capacity. We quantified average annual changes in live accumulation disturbances utilizing most recent (2001 – 2019) remeasurement data from National Forest Inventory plots contiguous United States. recently impacted by sequestered on 69% less trees than no disturbance, 28% disturbance. Nationally, we estimate that trees, defined as estimated rate above- belowground (diameter at breast height ≥ 2.54 cm) forest land, has been reduced 9.33 teragrams per year (95% confidence interval: 7.11 11.58) have experienced 3.49 1.30 5.70) for a total reduction 12.83 8.41 17.28). Strengthened international trade policies phytosanitary standards well improved management potential protect their natural contribute change mitigation.

Language: Английский

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Early evolution of beetles regulated by the end-Permian deforestation

eLife, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 10

Published: Nov. 8, 2021

The end-Permian mass extinction (EPME) led to a severe terrestrial ecosystem collapse. However, the ecological response of insects—the most diverse group organisms on Earth—to EPME remains poorly understood. Here, we analyse beetle evolutionary history based taxonomic diversity, morphological disparity, phylogeny, and shifts from Early Permian Middle Triassic, using comprehensive new dataset. beetles were dominated by xylophagous stem groups with high diversity which probably played an underappreciated role in carbon cycle. Our suite analyses shows that suffered during largely due collapse forest ecosystems, resulting Triassic gap beetles. New appeared widely early is consistent restoration ecosystems. results highlight significance insects deep-time

Language: Английский

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The hidden value of trees: Quantifying the ecosystem services of tree lineages and their major threats across the contiguous US

PLOS Sustainability and Transformation, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 1(4), P. e0000010 - e0000010

Published: April 5, 2022

Trees provide critical contributions to human well-being. They sequester and store greenhouse gasses, filter air pollutants, wood, food, other products, among benefits. These benefits are threatened by climate change, fires, pests pathogens. To quantify the current value of flow ecosystem services from U.S. trees, threats they face, we combine macroevolutionary economic valuation approaches using spatially explicit data about tree species lineages. We find that five key with adequate generated US trees is $114 billion per annum (low: $85 B; high: $137 2010 USD). The non-market carbon storage pollution removal far exceed their commercial wood products food crops. Two lineages—pines oaks—account for 42% these services. majority face many increasing fire risk, known pathogens threaten 40% total woody biomass. most valuable lineages those pathogens, at risk threat. High turnover across continent results in a diverse set distributed life contributing high diversity taxa forests may be important buffering service losses if when compromised.

Language: Английский

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Effects of outliers on remote sensing‐assisted forest biomass estimation: A case study from the United States national forest inventory

Methods in Ecology and Evolution, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 14(7), P. 1587 - 1602

Published: March 1, 2023

Abstract Large‐scale ecological sampling networks, such as national forest inventories (NFIs), collect in situ data to support biodiversity monitoring, management and planning, greenhouse gas reporting. Data harmonization aims link auxiliary remotely sensed field‐collected expand beyond field plots, but outliers that arise harmonization—questionable observations because their values differ substantially from the rest—are rarely addressed. In this paper, we review sources of commonly occurring outliers, including random chance (statistical outliers), definitions protocols set by temporal spatial mismatch between data. We illustrate different types effects they have on estimates above‐ground biomass population parameters using a case study 292 NFI plots paired with airborne laser scanning (ALS) Sentinel‐2 Sawyer County, Wisconsin, United States. Depending criteria used identify (sampling year, plot location error, nonresponse, presence zeros model residuals), many 53 Forest Inventory Analysis (18%) were identified potential single criterion 111 (38%) if all used. Inclusion or removal led substantial differences mean standard error estimate per unit area. The simple expansion estimator, which does not rely ALS other data, was more sensitive than model‐assisted approaches incorporated Including predictors showed minimal increases precision our relative models alone. Outliers causes can be pervasive workflows. Our serve note caution researchers practitioners inclusion unintended consequences parameter estimates. When inform large‐scale mapping, carbon markets, reporting environmental policy, it is necessary ensure proper use geospatial harmonization.

Language: Английский

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Biological control of hemlock woolly adelgid in North America: History, status, and outlook

Biological Control, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 185, P. 105308 - 105308

Published: July 24, 2023

Language: Английский

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