Insect decline in the Anthropocene: Death by a thousand cuts

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 118(2)

Published: Jan. 11, 2021

Nature is under siege. In the last 10,000 y human population has grown from 1 million to 7.8 billion. Much of Earth’s arable lands are already in agriculture (1), millions acres tropical forest cleared each year (2, 3), atmospheric CO2 levels at their highest concentrations more than 3 (4), and climates erratically steadily changing pole pole, triggering unprecedented droughts, fires, floods across continents. Indeed, most biologists agree that world entered its sixth mass extinction event, first since end Cretaceous Period 66 ago, when 80% all species, including nonavian dinosaurs, perished. Ongoing losses have been clearly demonstrated for better-studied groups organisms. Terrestrial vertebrate sizes ranges contracted by one-third, many mammals experienced range declines least over century (5). A 2019 assessment suggests half amphibians imperiled (2.5% which recently gone extinct) (6). Bird numbers North America fallen 2.9 billion 1970 (7). Prospects world’s coral reefs, beyond middle this century, could scarcely be dire (8). 2020 United Nations report estimated a species danger next few decades (9), but also see bridled assessments refs. 10 11. Although flurry reports drawn attention insect abundance, biomass, richness, (e.g., 12⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓–18; reviews 19 20), whether rates insects on par with or exceed those other remains unknown. There still too … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence may addressed. Email: david.wagner{at}uconn.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1

Language: Английский

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Scientists' warning on climate change and insects

Ecological Monographs, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 93(1)

Published: Nov. 7, 2022

Abstract Climate warming is considered to be among the most serious of anthropogenic stresses environment, because it not only has direct effects on biodiversity, but also exacerbates harmful other human‐mediated threats. The associated consequences are potentially severe, particularly in terms threats species preservation, as well preservation an array ecosystem services provided by biodiversity. Among affected groups animals insects—central components many ecosystems—for which climate change pervasive from individuals communities. In this contribution scientists' warning series, we summarize effect gradual global surface temperature increase insects, physiology, behavior, phenology, distribution, and interactions, increased frequency duration extreme events such hot cold spells, fires, droughts, floods these parameters. We warn that, if no action taken better understand reduce will drastically our ability build a sustainable future based healthy, functional ecosystems. discuss perspectives relevant ways conserve insects face change, offer several key recommendations management approaches that can adopted, policies should pursued, involvement general public protection effort.

Language: Английский

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Indirect Effect of Pesticides on Insects and Other Arthropods

Toxics, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 9(8), P. 177 - 177

Published: July 30, 2021

Pesticides released to the environment can indirectly affect target and non-target species in ways that are often contrary their intended use. Such indirect effects mediated through direct impacts on other or physical depend ecological mechanisms interactions. Typical release of herbivores from predation competition among with similar niches. Application insecticides agriculture results subsequent pest outbreaks due elimination natural enemies. The loss floristic diversity food resources result herbicide applications reduce populations pollinators enemies crop pests. In aquatic ecosystems, fungicides induce algae blooms as chemicals grazing by zooplankton benthic herbivores. Increases periphyton biomass typically replacement arthropods more tolerant such snails, worms tadpoles. Fungicides systemic also nutrient recycling impairing ability detritivorous arthropods. Residues herbicides macrophytes ponds wetlands, affecting protection breeding predatory insects environment. pesticides therefore either amplified compensated effects.

Language: Английский

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A window to the world of global insect declines: Moth biodiversity trends are complex and heterogeneous

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 118(2)

Published: Jan. 11, 2021

Moths are the most taxonomically and ecologically diverse insect taxon for which there exist considerable time-series abundance data. There is an alarming record of decreases in moth diversity from across Europe, with rates varying markedly among within regions. Recent reports Costa Rica reveal steep cross-lineage declines caterpillars, while other sites (Ecuador Arizona, reported here) show no or only modest long-term over past two decades. Rates decline dietary ecological specialists steeper than those generalized taxa. Additional traits commonly associated elevated risks include large wingspans, small geographic ranges, low dispersal ability, univoltinism; taxa grasslands, aridlands, nutrient-poor habitats also appear to be at higher risk. In temperate areas, many limited historically by abiotic factors increasing range. We regard important continental-scale stressors reductions habitat quality quantity resulting land-use change climate and, a lesser extent, atmospheric nitrification introduced species. Site-specific pesticide use light pollution. Our assessment global macrolepidopteran population trends includes numerous cases both region-wide local losses studies that report declines. Spatial variation suggests multiple play. With exception recent Rica, severe examples Northern Hemisphere regions high human-population density intensive agriculture.

Language: Английский

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Bottom-Up Forces in Agroecosystems and Their Potential Impact on Arthropod Pest Management

Annual Review of Entomology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 67(1), P. 239 - 259

Published: Oct. 4, 2021

Bottom-up effects are major ecological forces in crop-arthropod pest-natural enemy multitrophic interactions. Over the past two decades, bottom-up have been considered key levers for optimizing integrated pest management (IPM). Irrigation, fertilization, crop resistance, habitat manipulation, organic practices, and landscape characteristics all shown to trigger marked thus impact management. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on role of associated mechanisms, discuss several study cases showing how practically promote natural control. IPM also contribute sustainable intensification agriculture context agricultural transition climate change. Finally, highlight new research priorities important area. Together with top-down (biological control), future advances understanding mechanisms underlying could pave way developing novel strategies optimized programs.

Language: Английский

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Critical links between biodiversity and health in wild bee conservation

Trends in Ecology & Evolution, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 37(4), P. 309 - 321

Published: Dec. 23, 2021

The diversity, abundance, and health of wild bees is jeopardized primarily by land-use modifications, among other global change drivers.Defining measuring in requires an integrative approach across disciplines.We use elements from chemistry, stoichiometry, ecology, physiology, pathology, genetics to (i) contribute a more comprehensive definition bee 'health', (ii) define framework linking with floral resource/nutritional landscapes through assessing species-specific nutritional niches.We suggest novel holistic for capturing combining field laboratory tools.Knowledge gained applying this will serve as blueprint stakeholders engaged pollinator conservation. Wild populations are declining due human activities, such land change, which strongly affect the composition diversity available plants food sources. chemical (i.e., nutrition) turn determines health, resilience, fitness bees. For pollinators, however, term 'health' recent subject debate, interaction between nutrition health. We multidimensional concept biological traits (physiology, disease) environmental factors (floral landscapes). Linking information on tolerated niches different species allow us better predict their distribution responses thus support Bees decline because sources disappearAnimals pollinate >85% flowering 75% leading crops worldwide [1.Klein A.-M. et al.Importance pollinators changing world crops.Proc. Biol. Sci. 2007; 274: 303-313Crossref PubMed Scopus (3270) Google Scholar] provide medicines animals humankind. They also natural habitats play key role plant productivity, webs, ultimately well-being Scholar, 2.Klein A-M. al.Relevance managed well-being.Curr. Opin. Insect 2018; 26: 82-88Crossref (32) 3.Ollerton J. al.How many pollinated animals?.Oikos. 2011; 120: 321-326Crossref (1564) Scholar]. (Apidae) most important group vast majority represented (~20 000 species) [4.Potts S. Assessment Report Pollinators, Pollination Food Production – Summary Policymakers. Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform Biodiversity Ecosystem Services (IPBES), 2016Google Scholar].Alarmingly, impact biotic abiotic stressors caused activities that act alone or combination, pesticides, invasive species, pathogens, intensive land-use, climate [5.Dicks L. al.A assessment drivers risks associated decline.Nat. Ecol. Evol. 2021; 5: 1453-1461Crossref (4) 6.Eggleton P. state world's insects.Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 2020; 45: 61-82Crossref (15) 7.Rhodes C.J. Pollinator ecological calamity making?.Sci. Prog. 101: 121-160Crossref (36) 8.Storkey al.Wild arable habitats: trends, threats opportunities.in: Hurford C. Changing Status Arable Habitats Europe: A Nature Conservation Review. Springer International, 2020: 187-201Crossref 9.Zattara E.E. Aizen M.A. Worldwide occurrence records richness.One Earth. 4: 114-123Abstract Full Text PDF (60) 10.Goulson D. al.Bee declines driven combined stress parasites, lack flowers.Science. 2015; 347: 1255957Crossref (1702) 11.Potts S.G. al.Global declines: impacts drivers.Trends 2010; 25: 345-353Abstract (3176) In particular, agricultural intensification appears negatively communities [12.Lichtenberg E.M. synthesis effects diversified farming systems arthropod within fields landscapes.Glob. Change 2017; 23: 4946-4957Crossref (143) Scholar,13.Raven P.H. Wagner D.L. Agricultural rapidly decreasing insect biodiversity.Proc. Natl. Acad. 118e2002548117Crossref fact, overall biodiversity typically decreases increasing intensity [14.Kleijn al.Mixed benefits agri-environment schemes five European countries.Ecol. Lett. 2006; 9: 243-254Crossref (725) Scholar,15.Newbold T. model response tropical sub-tropical forest anthropogenic pressures.Proc. 2014; 281: 20141371PubMed Scholar], directly indirectly leads loss nesting sites [10.Goulson Scholar,16.Thomson D.M. Local bumble linked recovery honey bees, drought resources.Ecol. 2016; 19: 1247-1255Crossref (65) may alter pathogen prevalence [17.Figueroa L.L. al.Landscape simplification shapes plant–pollinator networks.Ecol. 1212-1222Crossref (20) 18.Piot N. al.More less: mass-flowering fruit tree dilute parasite transmission bees.Int. Parasitol. 51: 777-785Crossref (2) 19.Smart M. al.Linking measures colony individual survival apiaries exposed varying use.PLoS ONE. 11e0152685Crossref (104) Declining spectrum sources, therefore restricts landscape accessible [20.Michener C.D. World. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007Google 21.Vaudo A.D. resource restoration.Soc. Insects Vectors Med. Vet. Entomol. 10: 133-141Google 22.Ziska L.H. al.Rising atmospheric CO2 reducing protein concentration pollen source essential North American bees.Proc. R. Soc. B 283: 20160414Crossref 23.Requier F. al.Honey diet farmland reveals unexpectedly high flower richness major weeds.Ecol. Appl. 881-890Crossref (171) Scholar].Nutritional beesAs intake nutrient (henceforth referred quality) determine resilience [24.Simpson S.J. Raubenheimer Nutrition: Unifying Framework Animal Adaptation Human Obesity. Princeton 2012Crossref access resources enable diverse balanced one driver population stability [21.Vaudo context, we consider be any compound elements, phospholipids, amino acids 'group components' proteins) part food/nutrition obtain nutrients several potential medically active secondary metabolites consuming mostly nectar Scholar,25.Koch H. al.Flagellum removal metabolite inhibits infectivity bumblebee parasite.Curr. 2019; 29: 3494-3500Abstract (24) Scholar,26.Stevenson P.C. antagonists mutualists: paradox toxic pollen.Phytochem. 603-614Crossref (17) Nectar provides carbohydrates maintaining energy metabolic processes, whereas main all macronutrients fat) micronutrients (e.g., vitamins, sterols) required tissue homeostasis, development ovary development), larval growth [27.Filipiak understanding ecology needed optimize conservation strategies application stoichiometry.Insects. 3Crossref (16) 28.Nicolson S.W. Bee food: chemistry value nectar, mixtures two.Afr. Zool. 46: 197-204Crossref 29.Wright G.A. al.Nutritional physiology bees.Annu. 63: 327-344Crossref (89) Ideally, both sufficient quality quantity. quantity determined abundance flowers present namely number plants/flowers per amount [30.Timberlake T.P. al.Phenology seasonal gaps availability bumblebees.J. 56: 1585-1596Crossref (56) depends each and/or specific profile [31.Jachuła al.Habitat heterogeneity helps mitigate sugar deficit discontinuity landscape.Sci. Total 782146909Crossref (5) profiles vary greatly [32.Belsky Joshi N.K. Impact feral bees.Insects. 233Crossref (37) 33.Palmer-Young E.C. al.Chemistry rewards: intra- interspecific variability taxa.Ecol. Monogr. 89e01335Crossref (50) 34.Vaudo al.Pollen protein: lipid macronutrient ratios guide broad patterns preferences.Insects. 11: 132Crossref (41) 35.Requier al.Limitation complementary affects growth, foraging behavior, reproduction bees.Ecology. 101e02946Crossref (11) even individuals same growing [36.Venjakob al.Inter-individual changes scabious, Knautia arvensis.Insects. 2Crossref Floral communities, characterized consequently More details variation effect diets performance fitness, differences preferences given Vaudo al. Scholar].Although much less well understood, needs expected differ substantially sustainability amounts food, particular pollen, offspring development, can influence entire Scholar,37.Filipiak Z.M. Filipiak scarcity influences certain life history traits.Biology. 12Crossref (6) Scholar,38.Moerman explain than diversity.Insect Conserv. Divers. 171-179Crossref (39) Scholar].Surprisingly, landscape, status has hitherto received little attention (cf Scholar,34.Vaudo Scholar]). This knowledge is, crucial determining how respective populations. propose conceptual altering healthy populations.Measuring healthAlthough understood physical, mental, social population, wildlife generally been absence disease [39.Stephen Toward modernized health.J. Wildl. Dis. 50: 427-430Crossref only recently appeared literature its precise still debate [40.López-Uribe M.M. al.Defining health: based ecological, genetic, physiological factors.Annu. Anim. Biosci. 8: 269-294Crossref López-Uribe suggested multilevel various parameters measure at individual, colony, level should then direct consequence average individuals, where size likely correlate positively health.We apply defined result local environment (Figure 1). following recorded integrated comprehensively capture stored bodies (such proteins, lipids, glycogen, elements), body [41.Dellicour al.Distribution predictors wing shape three sister solitary bees.PLoS 12e0173109Crossref (18) load, beneficial microbiota [42.Engel al.The microbiome: evolution host–microbe interactions.mBio. 7e02164-15Crossref (130) immunocompetence [43.Alaux al.Diet honeybee immunocompetence.Biol. 6: 562-565Crossref (454) fertility [44.Keller A. al.(More than) Hitchhikers network: shared microbiome flowers.Curr. 44: 8-15Crossref (8) Scholar].Physiological were shown sensitivity modifications [45.Tracy C.R. importance biology.Integr. Comp. 1191-1205Crossref (72) responds before become visible [46.Ellis R.D. al.Integrating physiology.Landsc. 2012; 27: 1-12Crossref (90) instance, correlates increased levels storage antioxidant vitellogenin higher overwintering [19.Smart Scholar,47.Alaux 'landscape physiology' highlights enrichment semi-natural habitats.Sci. Rep. 7: 40568Crossref (57) Energy survival. categories used insects (glycogen, life-history dispersal capacity, reproduction, diapause, [48.Arrese E.L. Soulages J.L. fat body: energy, metabolism, regulation.Annu. 55: 207-225Crossref (1178) Moreover, macro- acquired consumption interface resources. Variations budget bees.Additional sensu lato include morphometrics, microbial loads. example, morphometry fluctuating asymmetry found [49.de Freitas Brito al.Orchid (Apidae, Euglossini) oil palm plantations Eastern Amazon have larger but not asymmetrical wings.Neotrop. 388-397Crossref (0) 50.Gerard al.Stressful conditions reveal decrease size, modification relatively stable wings.Sci. 15169Crossref (14) 51.Lima C.B.S. al.Morphometric Melipona subnitida Ducke 1910 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) types housing.Braz. 76: 845-850Crossref addition, known composition, particularly consequences uptake, detoxification, immunity, Scholar,52.Dharampal P.S. al.Pollen-borne microbes fitness.Proc. 286: 20182894Crossref 53.Rothman J.A. increases selenate toxicity.Environ. Microbiol. 21: 3417-3429Crossref 54.Voulgari-Kokota al.Drivers, functions solitary-bee microbiota.Trends 1034-1044Abstract By defining stoichiometric phenotypes elemental bodies) [55.Jeyasingh P.D. al.Testing evolutionary using elements.Ecol. 528-538Crossref (59) deviations optimal phenotypes, nutritionally impoverished populations, revealed, indicate reduced health.All mentioned previously affected multiple related pollutants antibiotics, heavy metals) pathogens Measurement variables complete picture focusing single parameter.Floral healthFloral community [56.Albrecht effectiveness strips hedgerows pest control, pollination services crop yield: quantitative synthesis.Ecol. 1488-1498Crossref (113) Scholar,57.Dainese biodiversity-mediated production.Sci. Adv. 5eaax0121Crossref (245) [58.Kaluza B.F. al.Social fitter biodiverse environments.Sci. 12353Crossref content Scholar,27.Filipiak Scholar,59.Roulston T.H. Goodell K. regulating populations.Annu. 293-312Crossref (325) Scholar,60.Scheper al.Museum specimens host factor driving Netherlands.Proc. 111: 17552Crossref (160) phenology [23.Requier Scholar,58.Kaluza Scholar,61.Blüthgen Klein Functional complementarity specialisation: interactions.Basic 12: 282-291Crossref (281) thrive environments Scholar,62.Crone Williams N.M. Bumble dynamics: quantifying queen production.Ecol. 460-468Crossref (68) Scholar,63.Goulson al.Colony bumblebee, Bombus terrestris, improved conventional suburban habitats.Oecologia. 2002; 130: 267-273Crossref (169) Scholar,64.Kaluza al.Generalist maximize species-rich resource-abundant environments.Ecosphere. 8e01758Crossref (26) Scholar,65.Trinkl al.Floral stingless bee.Insects. (9) opportunities specialist (oligolectic) restricted find suitable generalist (polylectic) supports performance, (Table 1), presumably ready adequate metabolites. contrast, chronic monotonous, nonsuitable, low quality, reduces immune-competence affecting 'nutritional stress' [47.Alaux Scholar,66.Brunner F.S. al.Protein-poor host-specific immune gene expression terrestris.Proc. 20140128Crossref Poor lead susceptibility [67.Dolezal A.G. Toth A.L. Feedbacks health.Curr. 114-119Crossref (63) pesticides [68.Tosi al.Neonicotinoid synergistically reduce 284: 20171711Crossref considered Scholar,69.Bartomeus I. al.Historical northeastern US traits.Proc. U. 2013; 110: 4656-4660Crossref (309) Scholar,70.Leach M.E. Drummond review native health.Int. 2018: 9607246Crossref (13) Although added se automatically yield synergistic compared higher-quality monofloral [34.Vaudo Scholar,71.Klaus diversification promotes offset insecticide evidence semi-field experiment.Ecol. 24: 668-675Crossref Scholar,72.Stuligross Pesticide additively impair reproduction.Proc. 287: 20201390Crossref it clearly negative poor choices 1).Table 1Effect studies polyfloral polylectic) under conditionsExperimentBee speciesEffectsResponse variableRefsLandscapes, enriched melliferous catch crops; overwinteringHoneybee (Apis mellifera)Access was vitality (vitellogenin level)Bee level)[47.Alaux Scholar]Monofloral pesticides; performanceBuff tailed (Bombus terrestris)Additive drone reproduc

Language: Английский

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Protected areas and the future of insect conservation

Trends in Ecology & Evolution, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 38(1), P. 85 - 95

Published: Oct. 5, 2022

Anthropogenic pressures are driving insect declines across the world. Although protected areas (PAs) play a prominent role in safeguarding many vertebrate species from human-induced threats, insects not widely considered when designing PA systems or building strategies for management. We review effectiveness of PAs conservation and find substantial taxonomic geographic gaps knowledge. Most research focuses on representation species, few studies assess threats to that effective management can conservation. propose four-step agenda help ensure central efforts expand global network under Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework.

Language: Английский

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Mounting evidence that managed and introduced bees have negative impacts on wild bees: an updated review

Current Research in Insect Science, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 2, P. 100043 - 100043

Published: Jan. 1, 2022

Worldwide, the use of managed bees for crop pollination and honey production has increased dramatically. Concerns about pressures these increases on native ecosystems resulted in a recent expansion literature this subject. To collate update current knowledge, we performed systematic review effects introduced ecosystems, focusing wild bees. enable comparison over time, used same search terms focused impacts as earlier reviews. This covers: (a) interference resource competition between or bees; (b) plants weeds; (c) transmission infectivity pathogens; classifies into positive, negative, neutral. Compared to 2017 review, found that number papers issue by 47%. The highest increase was seen pathogen spill-over, but last five years considerable additional information also become available. Records negative have from 53% reporting 66% at present. majority studies investigated visitation foraging behaviour. While only few experimentally assessed bee reproductive output, 78% demonstrated effects. Plant composition negatively affected 7% studies, 79% pathogens reported potential Taken together, evidence increasingly suggests affect bees, knowledge should inform actions prevent further harm ecosystems.

Language: Английский

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Impact of Climate Change on Dryland Agricultural Systems: A Review of Current Status, Potentials, and Further Work Need

International Journal of Plant Production, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 16(3), P. 341 - 363

Published: May 20, 2022

Language: Английский

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Surface engineering for stable electrocatalysis

Chemical Society Reviews, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 53(5), P. 2693 - 2737

Published: Jan. 1, 2024

Unprecedented insights into electrochemical surface dynamics from operando studies inspire electronic and topographical strategies, paving the way for sustained electrocatalytic performance across HER, OER, ORR, CO 2 RR applications.

Language: Английский

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