Cone-Opponent Ganglion Cells in the Primate Fovea Tuned to Non-Cardinal Color Directions

bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory), Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Sept. 16, 2023

A long-standing question in vision science is how the three cone photoreceptor types – long (L), medium (M) and short (S) wavelength sensitive combine to generate our perception of color. Hue can be described along two opponent axes: red-green blue-yellow. Psychophysical measurements color appearance indicate that inputs blue-yellow axes are M vs. L+S L M+S, respectively. However, “cardinal directions space” revealed by psychophysical detection thresholds S L+M. The cardinal match most common cone-opponent retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) primate retina. Accordingly, opponency necessary for thought established cortex. small populations with appropriate M+S cone-opponency have been reported large surveys RGCs their projections lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) yet existence continues debated. Resolving this open needed as a complete account output critical efforts understand downstream neural circuits process Here, we performed adaptive optics calcium imaging longitudinally noninvasively foveal RGC light responses living macaque eye. We confirm presence neurons non-cardinal demonstrate signals substantially more diverse than classically thought.

Language: Английский

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Docosahexaenoic Acid Explains the Unexplained in Visual Transduction

Entropy, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 25(11), P. 1520 - 1520

Published: Nov. 6, 2023

In George Wald’s Nobel Prize acceptance speech for “discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in eye”, he noted that events after activation of rhodopsin are too slow to explain reception. Photoreceptor membrane phosphoglycerides contain near-saturation amounts omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic (DHA). The response a photon is retinal cis–trans isomerization. trans-state lower energy; hence, quantum energy released equivalent sum difference. We hypothesize DHA traps this energy, resulting hyperpolarization extracts energized electron, which depolarizes carries function photon’s (wavelength) brain. There, it contributes creation vivid images our world we see consciousness. This proposed revision process provides an explanation these previously unresolved issues around speed information transfer purity conservation wavelength supports observations unique indispensable role process.

Language: Английский

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Evolutionary and Developmental Specialization of Foveal Cell Types in the Marmoset

bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory), Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Dec. 10, 2023

In primates, high-acuity vision is mediated by the fovea, a small specialized central region of retina. The unique to anthropoid lineage among mammals, undergoes notable neuronal morphological changes during postnatal maturation. However, extent cellular similarity across foveas and molecular underpinnings foveal maturation remain unclear. Here, we used high throughput single cell RNA sequencing profile retinal cells common marmoset (

Language: Английский

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Interneuron-like features of microglia in the mouse outer retina

bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory), Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Jan. 12, 2024

Abstract Microglia have recently been associated with complex functionalities both in the brain and retina, including synaptic function plasticity. While investigating morphology, protein expression profile connectivity of microglia mouse outer we found that they closely resemble interneurons retina other species. We argue functional studies are needed to reveal whether also perform an interneuron-like role vision.

Language: Английский

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Morphology of Interneurons: Bipolar Cells

Elsevier eBooks, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Jan. 1, 2024

Language: Английский

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Graphical modeling of additive color mixing. Analyses of electromagnetic effects as colors of the vision analyzer

Medicni perspektivi, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 29(2), P. 11 - 17

Published: June 28, 2024

The human visual analyzer is a high form of evolution. Some jellyfish can distinguish light and dark objects with sensitive cells. Squids, octopuses, nautiluses from Cephalopods family have eyes which they see objects. Visual information processed in the brain. In fishes, evolved. Fishes living below 100 m depth inhabit world blue light. authors consider evolution vision these fishes due to lowest absorption violet colors electromagnetic waves optical spectrum. Subsequently, on land, humans evolved towards green color. Green most prevalent color land. humans, three light-sensitive cones – S, M, L. S are blue, M green, L red retain sensitivity genetic changes disorders. Additive mi­xing perception humans. additive mixing different achieves new analyzer. Remarkably, individuals perceive observed images varying manners. Mixing neighboring spectrum gives one, two, or colors. This process estimated using graphical modeling. modeling two allows for creation One, be obtained. production results cones. An analysis that phy­sically demonstrates colors, resulting yellow orange. When mixed, yellow, orange proposed. green. subjective nature perception, influenced by viewer’s heightened one beco­mes evident presence Notably, when background violet, diminishes.

Language: Английский

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The well-tempered color circle: A chromatic Gestalt

i-Perception, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 15(4)

Published: July 1, 2024

The “Color Circle” is an important chromatic Gestalt in the visual arts. There not really a formal equivalent conventional colorimetry. fact that hues can be linearly ordered and such order necessarily periodic was intuited by artists early 19th century, but only formally explained Ostwald later Schrödinger century later. As with musical keys, various metrical orders are common use. Is there thing as “well tempered” order? We consider this issue for experimental phenomenology. discuss attempt based on observations 30 (nonartist) observers.

Language: Английский

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The Chromatic Function of the Cones

Elsevier eBooks, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Jan. 1, 2024

Language: Английский

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