Inconsistent capacity of potential HONO sources to enhance secondary pollutants: evidence from WRF-Chem modeling

Journal of Environmental Sciences, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Feb. 1, 2025

Language: Английский

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A Review of Measurements and Model Simulations of Atmospheric Nitrous Acid

Atmospheric Environment, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 121094 - 121094

Published: Feb. 1, 2025

Language: Английский

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Characterization of nitrous acid and its potential effects on secondary pollution in the warm season in Beijing urban areas

Atmospheric chemistry and physics, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 25(4), P. 2551 - 2568

Published: Feb. 27, 2025

Abstract. As a key source of hydroxyl (OH) radicals, nitrous acid (HONO) has attracted much attention for its important role in the atmospheric oxidant capacity (AOC) increase. In this study, we made comparison ambient levels, variation patterns, sources, and formation pathway warm season (from June to October 2021) on basis continuous intensive observation an urban site Beijing. The monthly average mixing ratios HONO were 1.3, 1.0, 0.96, 0.89 ppb, respectively, showing larger contribution OH radicals relative ozone daytime. emission factor (EF) NOx from vehicle emissions was estimated be 0.017, higher than most studies conducted nocturnal NO2/HONO conversion frequency kHONO 0.008 h−1. season, missing HONO, Punknown, around noontime 0.29–2.7 ppb According production rate also very AOC. This work highlights importance AOC while encouraging long-term assess sources over time compared capture pollution processes.

Language: Английский

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Overlooked Underestimation of Mobile Sources Posing a Pronounced Imbalance in the HONO Budget

Environmental Science & Technology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: March 19, 2025

InfoMetricsFiguresRef. Environmental Science & TechnologyASAPArticle This publication is free to access through this site. Learn More CiteCitationCitation and abstractCitation referencesMore citation options ShareShare onFacebookXWeChatLinkedInRedditEmailBlueskyJump toExpandCollapse ViewpointMarch 19, 2025Overlooked Underestimation of Mobile Sources Posing a Pronounced Imbalance in the HONO BudgetClick copy article linkArticle link copied!Jia KeJia KeState Protection Key Laboratory Vehicle Emission Control Simulation, Center, Chinese Research Academy Sciences, Beijing 100012, ChinaMore by Jia KeXinping Yang*Xinping YangState China*[email protected]More Xinping YangKeding Lu*Keding LuState Atmospheric Ozone Pollution Control, State Joint Simulation College Sciences Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, Keding Luhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-9425-9520Mingliang FuMingliang FuState Mingliang FuYunjing WangYunjing WangState Yunjing Wanghttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-9467-190XHang YinHang YinState Hang YinYan Ding*Yan DingState Yan DingOpen PDFEnvironmental TechnologyCite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 2025, XXXX, XXX, XXX-XXXClick citationCitation copied!https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.5c02684https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5c02684Published March 2025 Publication History Received 25 February 2025Published online 19 2025article-commentary© American Chemical Society. available under these Terms Use. Request reuse permissionsThis licensed for personal use The ACS Publications© SocietySubjectswhat are subjects Article automatically applied from Subject Taxonomy describe scientific concepts themes article. reactions Coal chemistry modeling Redox Gaseous nitrous acid (HONO), pivotal precursor hydroxyl radicals (OH) troposphere, has been recognized as key initiator atmospheric chemistry, its formation garnered significant global interest. (1) Nevertheless, observed concentrations much higher than those predicted chemical models even considering known pathways, indicating that exploring potential unknown sources represents crucial issue be addressed. Studies have explored secondary involving homogeneous nitric oxide OH, heterogeneous nitrogen dioxide, photolysis particulate nitrate, well primary like coal combustion, traffic, biomass burning, soil, livestock. (2) source emissions, direct source, can contribute up 50% urban during haze episodes, (3) particularly with substantial increase vehicle ownership. Currently, scientists predominantly focusing on mechanisms. However, should we consider whether emission mobile sources, comprehensively understood?Despite being contributors HONO, their measurements remain limited. Scientists commonly employed HONO-to-NOx ratio 0.8% air quality estimate (4) which two limitations. First, application fixed emissions relies assumption strong correlation between NOx relatively constant ratio. increasing reveal wide variability ratios, (5) introducing uncertainty estimating vehicular emissions. Second, ratio, derived tunnel observation, (6) may not extend other nonroad machinery, ships, aircraft, understudied. These limitations likely cause over- or underestimation highlighting knowledge gap could hinder tropospheric budget closure.Gasoline VehiclesClick section linkSection copied!Over past four decades, measured gasoline-dominated fleets tunnels highways, individual vehicles via chassis dynamometers. sample size remains Yang et al. (2024) analyzed limited data, revealing general but ranging within 0.01%∼5%─up 2 orders magnitude compared Individual tests show most ratios below 0.8%, suggesting overestimate gasoline (5)Diesel copied!Diesel exhibit factors 3 vehicles, potentially emerging range diesel 0.3%∼3%, majority exceeding 0.8%. suggests utilizing value would significantly underestimate Moreover, some studies suggest 2.3% engines, (7) rate increased particle filters. (8) Given role overall it evident traditional estimation methods fall short accurately assessing often resulting underestimation.Other SourcesClick copied!HONO engine exhaust well-recognized yet research focuses attention aircraft.Most overlook ship few them report inconsistent such 0.51%, (9) 1.21%, (10) 1.55%, (11) assume diesel-like 2.3%. Notably, plumes rather situ bench tests, characteristics fully comparable. further complicates models.Compared aircraft machinery largely overlooked. A handful about examine 0.82%∼6% (12) HONO-to-NOy (NOy = NOx+HNO3+PAN+alkylnitrates) 0.5%∼7%. (13,14) Such high imply an non-negligible significance aircraft. limited, widely varying reported considered them. To best our knowledge, only Yin (2023) using inventories, (15) no documented date. Therefore, current exploration.Recommendations OutlookClick copied!Precise quantification essential identifying addressing gaps (Figure 1). Viewpoint revisits emphasizing major challenge contributing lack refined inventory. Herein, recommend following areas. Developing measurement different conducting precise testing large sample, particular high-emission constructing localized fingerprint profiles. Optimizing adopting advanced technologies machine learning. Establishing categorized vehicle/machinery types, standards, fuel operational status, similar Tsinghua University MEIC model (http://meicmodel.org.cn), integration into models. Incorporating acknowledge challenging control at stage due clear understanding characteristics. Overall, believe overlooked underestimated factor nonclosure budget. Addressing elucidate missing globally concerned issue, perspective emission.Figure 1Figure 1. Schematic diagram removal mechanisms HONO.High Resolution ImageDownload MS PowerPoint SlideAuthor InformationClick copied!Corresponding AuthorsXinping - China; Email: [email protected]Keding Lu https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9425-9520; protected]Yan Ding protected]AuthorsJia Ke ChinaMingliang Fu ChinaYunjing Wang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9467-190XHang ChinaFundingThe authors thank National Natural Foundation China (Grant 42205111), Open Fund Ministry Ecology Environment, VECS2024K11), Fundamental Funds Central Public-interest Scientific Institution 2024YSKY-03) supporting work.NotesThe declare competing financial interest.ReferencesClick copied! references 15 publications. 1Xue, C. Substantially Growing Interest Chemistry Nitrous Acid (HONO) China: Current Achievements, Problems, Future Directions. 2022, 56 (12), 7375– 7377, DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c02237 Google Scholar1Substantially DirectionsXue, ChaoyangEnvironmental Technology (2022), 7375-7377CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:1520-5851. (American Society) There expanded reference. >> SciFinder ®https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB38XhsVKgt77J&md5=1ba459fb3756c7ce37f34de36d69b4862Zhang, Q.; Liu, P.; Wang, Y.; George, C.; Chen, T.; Ma, S.; Ren, Mu, Song, M.; Herrmann, H.; Mellouki, A.; J.; Yue, Zhao, X.; Zeng, Y. Unveiling (HONO). Proc. Natl. Acad. U. S. A. 2023, 120 (35), e2302048120 10.1073/pnas.2302048120 ScholarThere corresponding record reference.3Zhang, W.; Tong, Ge, An, Shi, Z.; Hou, Xia, K.; Qu, Zhang, Chu, B.; Sun, He, H. Variations severe pollution episode winter 2016. Total Environment 2019, 648, 253– 262, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.133 reference.4Ye, Lu, Qiu, Li, Yang, Xue, Zhai, Tan, Dong, L.; Hu, suburban site EXPLORE-YRD campaign 2018: impacts O3 production. Physics 23 (24), 15455– 15472, 10.5194/acp-23-15455-2023 reference.5Yang, Fu, Liao, Tu, Feng, Jiang, Tian, Yin, Zheng, Ding, Revisiting indicator light-duty vehicles. Journal Hazardous Materials 2024, 479, 135642, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135642 reference.6Kurtenbach, R.; Becker, K. Gomes, J. G.; Kleffmann, Lorzer, Spittler, Wiesen, Ackermann, Geyer, Platt, Investigations road traffic tunnel. Atmos. 2001, 35 (20), 3385– 3394, 10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00138-8 Scholar6Investigations tunnelKurtenbach, U.Atmospheric (2001), 3385-3394CODEN: AENVEQ; ISSN:1352-2310. (Elsevier Ltd.) Simultaneous dioxide differential optical absorption spectroscopy system, chemiluminescence analyzer, carbon gas chromatog. technique were carried out Kiesbergtunnel, Wuppertal, Germany. At d., concns. 45 ppb vol. (ppbv) obsd. low unexpectedly 10 ppbv caused walls. In addn. campaigns, NO2, NO, CO2 single (a truck, diesel, passenger car) also performed. For correction walls was quantified approaches: (a) NO2 expts. without (b) wall residue lab. concn. cor. walls, relation concn., used est. amt. directly emitted fleet. From (e.g., HONO/NOx), indexes mg HONO/kg fuel) calcd. index 88 ±18 allows estn. rates atm. Furthermore, freshly particles discussed. ®https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD3MXks1aru7s%253D&md5=5e4fa5a123fe0e84f764930b956948e77Gutzwiller, Arens, F.; Baltensperger, U.; Gäggeler, Ammann, M. Significance semivolatile organics formation. 2002, 36 (4), 677– 682, 10.1021/es015673b Scholar7Significance Semivolatile Diesel Exhaust Organics Secondary FormationGutzwiller, Lukas; Frank; Urs; Gaeggeler, Heinz MarkusEnvironmental (2002), 677-682CODEN: ISSN:0013-936X. origin despite estd. importance OH daytime rapid photolysis. Recently, contained automobile soot invoked possible none able account 0.04 and/or water-sol. species involved assocd. when exits tailpipe. quantify assess reaction kinetics leading performed filtered hot interacted glass surface water film mimicking dry wet surfaces might exposed. fraction 0.023 heterogeneously converted least three times more engines 50 larger formed do contain orgs. ®https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD38XjtF2qug%253D%253D&md5=f1431cb10c62c3d6c855588c16506e4b8Liang, Zha, Cui, Lui, Ho, Lee, S.-c.; T. on-road vehicles: study mixed Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 2017, 67 (7), 797– 805, 10.1080/10962247.2017.1293573 reference.9Sun, Zhou, Sheng, Lin, L. Ship marine oxidation chemistry. 2020, 735, 139355, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139355 reference.10Gu, Peng, Shen, n. polluted coastal atmosphere South Sea: budgets, impacts. 826, 153692, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153692 reference.11Guo, Gao, Zhu, B. Influence channel environment. 242, 117819, 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117819 reference.12Lee, Santoni, G. Wood, E. Herndon, Miake-Lye, R. Zahniser, Wofsy, Munger, W. Measurements Commercial Aircraft Alternative Aviation Fuel Experiment. 2011, (18), 7648– 7654, 10.1021/es200921t Scholar12Measurements ExperimentLee, Ben Gregory Ezra Scott Richard Mark Steven WilliamEnvironmental (2011), 7648-7654CODEN: Expt., conducted Jan. 2009 Palmdale, California, aerosol gaseous DC-8 equipped CFM56-2C1 synthetic fuels. examd. HNO2 (NO + NO2) 145 m behind grounded fuel-based (EI) ∼6-fold idle take-off conditions, leveled off 65 100% max. rated thrust; EI continuously. power, greater burning (JP-8) vs. Fischer-Tropsch fuels; exhibited opposite trend. Also, H2O2 identified idle. Chem. responsible comparison previous ®https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3MXhtVCrsbvP&md5=dbbdbf362019bd6733768d7bd3c10e6613Wood, Timko, Yelvington, P. E.; Speciation evolution oxides near airports. 2008, 42 (6), 1884– 1891, 10.1021/es072050a Scholar13Speciation Evolution Nitrogen Oxides AirportsWood, Michael Paul C.Environmental (2008), 1884-1891CODEN: variety com. part JETS-APEX2 APEX3 campaigns showed (NOx NO primarily thrust thrust. chem. combustion reproduced trends power shed light relevant Exptl. evidence presented conversion plume NO2:NOx unrelated CFM56-3B1 accounted ∼25% 3000 ft (916 m) 500 (153 std. International Civil Organization landing/take-off cycle. 0.5-7% NOy exhaust, depending type. Implications photochem. airports ®https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD1cXitFeht7o%253D&md5=203318b11fd98cd0f85090b490124dbe14Jurkat, Voigt, Arnold, Schlager, Aufmhoff, Schaeuble, D.; Schaefer, Schumann, SO2 cruise. Geophys. Res. Lett. 38 (10), L10807, 10.1029/2011GL046884 reference.15Yin, Tang, Huang, Sha, Cheng, Yu, Xu, Shao, model-ready highly resolved inventory Guangdong domestic factors. 899, 165737, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165737 reference.Cited By Click copied!This cited publications.Download PDFFiguresReferences Get e-AlertsGet e-AlertsEnvironmental copied!https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5c02684Published 2025© permissionsArticle Views-Altmetric-Citations-Learn metrics closeArticle Views COUNTER-compliant sum full text downloads since November 2008 (both PDF HTML) across all institutions individuals. regularly updated reflect usage last days.Citations number articles citing article, calculated Crossref daily. Find information counts.The Altmetric Attention Score quantitative measure received online. Clicking donut icon will load page altmetric.com additional details score social media presence given how calculated.Recommended Articles FiguresReferencesAbstractHigh SlideFigure SlideReferences 1Substantially 6Investigations 7Significance 12Measurements 13Speciation

Language: Английский

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Measurement report: Exchange fluxes of HONO over agricultural fields in the North China Plain

Atmospheric chemistry and physics, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 23(24), P. 15733 - 15747

Published: Dec. 21, 2023

Abstract. Nitrous acid (HONO) is a crucial precursor of tropospheric hydroxyl radicals, but its sources are not fully understood. Soil recognized as an important HONO source, the lack measurements soil–atmosphere exchange flux (FHONO) has led to uncertainties in modeling atmospheric impacts and understanding reactive nitrogen budget. Herein, we conduct FHONO over agricultural fields under fertilized (FHONO-NP, normal fertilization irrigation) non-fertilized (FHONO-CK, irrigation no fertilization) treatments. Our results show that fertilizer use causes remarkable increase FHONO-NP. FHONO-NP exhibits distinct diurnal variations, with average noontime peak 152 ng N m−2 s−1. The within 3 weeks after 97.7±8.6 s−1, around 2 orders magnitude higher than before fertilization, revealing promotion effect on emissions. We also discuss other factors influencing soil emissions, such meteorological parameters properties/nutrients. Additionally, estimate emission factor 0.68±0.07 % relative applied during whole growing season summer maize. Accordingly, fertilizer-induced estimated be 22.3 60.8 Gg yr−1 North China Plain (NCP) mainland China, respectively, representing significant source. Furthermore, our observations reveal emissions sustain high level daytime HONO, enhancing oxidizing capacity aggravating O3 pollution NCP. indicate mitigate regional air effectively, future policies should consider from soils.

Language: Английский

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Relative humidity driven nocturnal HONO formation mechanism in autumn haze events of Beijing

npj Climate and Atmospheric Science, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 7(1)

Published: Aug. 23, 2024

Nitrous acid (HONO), a key precursor of hydroxyl radicals (OH), is one the factors affecting atmospheric chemistry and air quality. Currently, proposed sources HONO are not able to fully explain observed concentrations. In this study, comprehensive field observation was conducted in autumn 2021 urban Beijing. The box model using default Master Chemical Mechanism (MCM) unable reproduce concentrations with normalized mean bias (NMB) −92.8%. NMB improved −46.1% after inclusion seven additional formation pathways. Several like vehicle emission factor (1.23%) nocturnal NO2 heterogeneous uptake coefficient on ground surface (8.25 × 10−6) were calculated based observational data. enhancement for conversion established as function relative humidity (RH) incorporated into model, which compensated missing well-reproduced concentrations, an −5.1%. major source at night found be reaction surface, contributing up 85.6%. During daytime, it homogeneous NO OH, accounting 41.8%. daytime primary OH mainly photolysis HONO, constituted 73.6% therefore promoted secondary pollutants exacerbated haze events.

Language: Английский

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Nitrous acid budgets in the coastal atmosphere: potential daytime marine sources

Atmospheric chemistry and physics, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 23(23), P. 14761 - 14778

Published: Nov. 30, 2023

Abstract. Nitrous acid (HONO), a vital precursor of atmospheric hydroxyl radicals (OH), has been extensively investigated to understand its characteristics and formation mechanisms. However, discerning fundamental mechanisms across diverse environments remains challenging. This study utilizes measurements from Mount Lao, coastal mountain in eastern China, an observation-based chemical box model (OBM) examine HONO budgets their subsequent impacts on oxidizing capacity. The incorporates additional sources, including direct emissions, heterogeneous conversions NO2 aerosol ground surfaces, particulate nitrate photolysis. observed mean concentration was 0.46 ± 0.37 ppbv. updated reproduced daytime concentrations well during dust photochemical pollution events. During events, dominated by photo-enhanced reactions surfaces (> 50 %), whereas photolysis (34 %) prevailed Nevertheless, the uncovers significant unidentified marine source “sea case”, with production rate reaching up 0.70 ppbv h−1 at noon. Without considering this source, extraordinarily high coefficient and/or uptake would be required match concentrations. missing affected peak O3 OH radical 36 % 28 %, respectively, observation site. Given limited data settings, may cause underestimation atmosphere's highlights necessity for further investigation role chemistry environments.

Language: Английский

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Important yet Overlooked HONO Source from Aqueous-phase Photochemical Oxidation of Nitrophenols

Environmental Science & Technology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 58(35), P. 15722 - 15731

Published: Aug. 23, 2024

Nitrites (NO

Language: Английский

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Additional HONO and OH Generation from Photoexcited Phenyl Organic Nitrates in the Photoreaction of Aromatics and NO_x

Environmental Science & Technology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 58(13), P. 5911 - 5920

Published: March 4, 2024

HONO acts as a major OH source, playing vital role in secondary pollutant formation to deteriorate regional air quality. Strong unknown sources of daytime have been widely reported, which significantly limit our understanding radical cycling and atmospheric oxidation capacity. Here, we identify potential source originating from photoexcited phenyl organic nitrates formed during the photoreaction aromatics NOx. Significant (1.56–4.52 ppb) production is observed different kinds with NOx (18.1–242.3 ppb). We propose an additional mechanism involving (RONO2) reacting water vapor account for higher levels measured than model prediction. The proposed was evidenced directly by photolysis experiments using typical RONO2 under UV irradiation conditions, enhanced relative humidity. 0-D box incorporated this accurately reproduced evolution aromatic. contributes 5.9–36.6% concentration increased Our study implies that are important

Language: Английский

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Diurnal emission variation of ozone precursors: Impacts on ozone formation during Sep. 2019

The Science of The Total Environment, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 929, P. 172591 - 172591

Published: April 23, 2024

Language: Английский

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