BIOTIC INTERACTIONS AND MACROEVOLUTION: EXTENSIONS AND MISMATCHES ACROSS SCALES AND LEVELS

Evolution, Journal Year: 2008, Volume and Issue: 62(4), P. 715 - 739

Published: April 1, 2008

Clade dynamics in the fossil record broadly fit expectations from operation of competition, predation, and mutualism, but data both modern ancient systems suggest mismatches across scales levels. Indirect effects, as when antagonistic or mutualistic interactions restrict geographic range thereby elevate extinction risk, are probably widespread may flow directions, species‐ organismic‐level factors increase risk speciation probabilities. Apparent contradictions levels have been neglected, including (1) individualistic shifts species on centennial millennial timescales versus evidence for fine‐tuned coevolutionary relationships; (2) extensive dynamic networks faced by most evolution costly enemy‐specific defenses finely attuned mutualisms; (3) macroevolutionary lags often seen between origin diversification a clade an evolutionary novelty rapid microevolution advantageous phenotypes invasibility communities. Resolution these other cross‐level tensions presumably hinges how organismic impinge genetic population structures, ranges, persistence incipient species, generalizations not yet possible. Paleontological neontological incomplete so powerful response to problems will require novel integrative approaches. Promising research areas include more realistic approaches modeling empirical analysis large‐scale diversity ostensibly competing clades; spatial phylogenetic dissections clades involved escalatory (where prey respond evolutionarily broad shifting array enemies); analyses short‐ long‐term consequences symbioses; fuller use abundant natural experiments impacts ecosystem engineers.

Language: Английский

---

Forest eco-function restoration and its positive effects on biodiversity improvement in China's ecological conservation programs

Ecological Engineering, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 212, P. 107530 - 107530

Published: Jan. 23, 2025

Language: Английский

---

Biotic interactions and their consequences for macroevolution: learning from the fossil record and beyond

Paleobiology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 1 - 12

Published: March 18, 2025

Abstract Every organism interacts with a host of other organisms the same and different species throughout its life. These biotic interactions have varying influences on reproduction dispersal organism, hence also population lineage to which belongs. By extension, must contribute macroevolutionary patterns that we observe in fossil record, but exactly how, when, why are research questions been asking before start journal Paleobiology. In this contribution for Paleobiology ’s 50 th anniversary, present brief overview how paleobiologists studied their consequences, recognizing paleontology’s unique position data insights topic interspecies interactions. We then explore, semi-free-form manner, what promising avenues might be open those us who use record understand general, emphasize need increased effort surrounding understanding ecological details, integration types information, model-based approaches.

Language: Английский

---

Marine animal diversity across latitudinal and temperature gradients during the Phanerozoic

Palaeontology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 68(3)

Published: May 1, 2025

Abstract The latitudinal biodiversity gradient (LBG) is a fundamental biological pattern seen across taxa and ecosystems today, but its drivers remain uncertain despite intense study. Palaeontological data may add valuable evidence from diversity distributions during intervals with different Earth system configurations, including potential analogues of future climate regimes. However, accurately characterizing these challenging because the geographic scope fossil record coverage varies through time, introducing biases that have not been quantified by most previous studies. Here, we attempt comprehensive documentation marine invertebrates past 540 million years, explicitly accounting for regional variation in sampling. We demonstrate large uncertainties when using current at this scale. Nevertheless, some signals are detectable. show animal declined increasing palaeolatitude decreasing temperature least Permian onwards (298.9 Ma). Additionally, find LBG was shallower on average Earth's hotter, although signal weak. also document strong, systematic bias due to sampling North America especially Europe, which led studies incorrectly infer mid‐latitude peak warm history. Our results provide baseline what databases might tell us about Phanerozoic LBGs animals, suggests quantitative evaluation will be central advancing knowledge

Language: Английский

---

Late Cretaceous ammonoids show that drivers of diversification are regionally heterogeneous

Nature Communications, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 15(1)

Published: June 27, 2024

Palaeontologists have long sought to explain the diversification of individual clades whole biotas at global scales. Advances in our understanding spatial distribution fossil record through geological time, however, has demonstrated that trends biodiversity were a mosaic regionally heterogeneous processes. Drivers must presumably also displayed regional variation produce disparities observed past taxonomic richness. Here, we analyse ammonoids, pelagic shelled cephalopods, Late Cretaceous, characterised by some palaeontologists as an interval biotic decline prior their total extinction Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary. We subdivide this eliminate impacts sampling biases and infer origination rates corrected for temporal using Bayesian methods. then model these abiotic drivers commonly inferred influence diversification. Ammonoid dynamics responses common set diversity heterogeneous, do not support ecological decline, demonstrate signal is influenced effort. These results call into question feasibility seeking scales record.

Language: Английский

---

Stratigraphic paleobiology

Paleobiology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 1 - 18

Published: March 7, 2024

Abstract Stratigraphic paleobiology uses a modern understanding of the construction stratigraphic record—from beds to depositional sequences sedimentary basins—to interpret patterns and guide sampling strategies in fossil record. Over past 25 years, its principles have been established primarily through forward numerical modeling, originally shallow-marine systems more recently nonmarine systems. Predictions these models tested outcrop-scale basin-scale field studies, which also revealed new insights. At multi-basin global scales, joint development biotic records has come largely from macrostratigraphy, analysis gap-bound packages rock. Here, we present recent advances six major areas paleobiology, including critical tests Po Plain Italy, mass extinctions recoveries, contrasts systems, interrelationships habitats architecture, large-scale assembly regional ecosystems. We highlight potential for future research that applies paleobiological concepts studies climate change, geochemistry, phylogenetics, structure conclude with need thinking paleobiology.

Language: Английский

---

Effects of the interaction between Linnean and Darwinian shortfalls on diversification gradients

Frontiers of Biogeography, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 17

Published: Aug. 5, 2024

It is now widely recognized that broad-scale patterns in species richness, particularly the Latitudinal Diversity Gradients (LDGs), are driven by complex interactions among ecological, evolutionary, and historical processes. However, even if it possible to better evaluate evolutionary explanations for LDGs based on speciation diversification rates estimated from phylogenies, a subtle interaction between such estimates geographic structure of Linnean shortfall, forming Taxonomy Gradient (LTG), was recently recognized. Here, we expand previous simulation results show relatively small geographical bias adding less than 20% new phylogenetically correlated with previously described ones southern (richer) region, would be enough change rates, different methods (tip DR GeoSSE). Further investigations magnitude LTG empirical modeling problems delimitation thus necessary robustness gradients biased knowledge taxonomic uncertainty, allowing understanding dynamics underlying LDGs. Geographical creating (LTGs), may jeopardize robust our processes diversity patterns. Simulations undiscovered close known ones, sufficient invert two distinct methods. A more comprehensive assessment respect LTGs Empirical quality simulations branches mitigating simultaneously both Darwinian shortfalls, provide consistent evidence drivers accounting uncertainty.

Language: Английский

---

The macroecology of Mesozoic dinosaurs

Biology Letters, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 20(11)

Published: Nov. 1, 2024

Dinosaurs thrived for over 160 million years in Mesozoic ecosystems, displaying diverse ecological and evolutionary adaptations. Their ecology was shaped by large-scale climatic biogeographic changes, calling a ‘deep-time’ macroecological investigation. These factors include temperature fluctuations the break up of Pangaea, influencing species richness, diversity history. Recent improvements dinosaur fossil record have enabled studies their responses to tectonic, geographic shifts. Trends diversity, body size reproductive traits can now be analysed using quantitative approaches like phylogenetic comparative methods, machine learning Bayesian inference. patterns sometimes align with, but also deviate from, first-order rules (e.g. species–area relationship, latitudinal biodiversity gradient, Bergmann’s rule). Accurate reconstructions palaeobiodiversity niche partitioning require ongoing taxonomic revisions detailed anatomical descriptions. Interdisciplinary research combining sedimentology, geochemistry palaeoclimatology helps uncover environmental conditions driving Fieldwork under-sampled regions, particularly at extremes, is crucial understanding spatial heterogeneity ecosystems across planet. Open science initiatives online databases play key role advancing this field, enriching our deep-time processes, offering new insights into macroecology its broader implications.

Language: Английский

---

Balancing the risks of mating: biogeographic evidence of cleistogamy as a bet hedging strategy

bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory), Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: April 1, 2024

Abstract Cleistogamy is a mating system in which plants produce some proportion of closed, autonomously self-pollinating flowers. Cleistogamous flowers differ from chasmogamous flowers, are open capable outcrossing. Both dimorphic cleistogamy (cleistogamous and produced on the same plant) complete occur. has been hypothesized to be bet hedging strategy for reducing risk face unpredictable pollinator availability. However, conflicting results across species challenges connecting theory data have prevented researchers proving that hedging. To test hypothesis, we investigated distribution over 400 cleistogamous through biogeographical analyses. We find more prevalent cooler, variable environments. Additionally, among species, likely occur warmer, stable, tropical subtropical hypothesize difference between may driven by opposing forces selection increase extinction risk, using heuristic Markov transition model. conclude suggests evolved environments, consistent with expectations

Language: Английский

---

A global latitudinal gradient in the proportion of terrestrial vertebrate forest species

Global Ecology and Biogeography, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 33(7)

Published: May 18, 2024

Abstract Aim Global patterns in species distributions such as the latitudinal biodiversity gradient are of great interest to ecologists and have been thoroughly studied. Whether a holds true for proportion associated with key ecotypes forests is however unknown. Identifying ascertaining factors causing it could further our understanding community sensitivity deforestation uncover drivers habitat specialization. The null hypothesis that proportions forest remain globally consistent, though we hypothesize will change differences ecotype amount, spatial structure, environmental stability. Here study whether follows gradient, test hypotheses why this may occur. Location Worldwide. Time period Present. Major taxa studied Terrestrial vertebrates. Methods We combined range maps use data all terrestrial vertebrates calculate an area. then used on global distribution current, recent historical, long‐term historical cover, well disturbances plant diversity using generalized linear models. Results identified whereby highest occurred at equator decreased polewards. additionally found increased current deforestation, structural complexity, Despite inclusion these variables, strong remained, suggesting additional causes gradient. Main conclusions Our findings suggest result ecological, evolutionary factors. Interestingly, high were areas experienced lagged response perturbations potential extinction debt.

Language: Английский

---