Autophagy,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
17(11), P. 3361 - 3374
Published: Jan. 6, 2021
Macroautophagy
(hereafter
referred
to
as
"autophagy")
is
a
lysosome-mediated
degradation
process
that
plays
complex
role
in
cellular
stress,
either
promoting
survival
or
triggering
death.
Early
studies
suggest
ferroptosis,
an
iron-dependent
form
of
regulated
cell
death,
not
related
autophagy.
Conversely,
recent
evidence
indicates
the
molecular
machinery
autophagy
facilitates
ferroptosis
through
selective
anti-ferroptosis
regulators.
However,
mechanism
autophagy-dependent
remains
incompletely
understood.
Here,
we
examine
early
dynamic
change
protein
expression
autophagic
(e.g.,
MAP1LC3B
and
SQSTM1)
ferroptotic
SLC7A11
GPX4)
regulators
60
human
cancer
lines
response
two
classical
activators
(erastin
RSL3)
absence
presence
lysosomal
inhibitor
chloroquine.
Compared
erastin,
RSL3
exhibits
wider
stronger
activity
upregulation
MAP1LC3B-II
downregulation
SQSTM1
80%
(48/60)
63%
(38/60)
lines,
respectively.
Both
erastin
failed
affect
expression,
but
they
led
GPX4
12%
(7/60)
3%
(2/60)
Additionally,
intracellular
iron
exporter
SLC40A1/ferroportin-1
was
identified
new
substrate
for
elimination,
its
by
promoted
vitro
xenograft
tumor
mouse
models.
Together,
these
findings
show
heterogeneity
which
might
have
different
biological
behaviors
with
regard
characteristics
death.Abbreviations:
ATG:
Autophagy-related;
CQ:
Chloroquine;
GPX4:
Glutathione
peroxidase
4;
MAP1LC3B/LC3:
Microtubule-associated
1
light
chain
3
beta:
NCOA4:
Nuclear
Receptor
Coactivator
ROS:
Reactive
Oxygen
Species;
SLC40A1/ferroportin-1:
Solute
Carrier
family
40
Member
1;
SLC7A11:
Family
7
11;
SQSTM1/p62:
Sequestosome
Cell Research,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
31(2), P. 107 - 125
Published: Dec. 2, 2020
Abstract
Cell
death
can
be
executed
through
different
subroutines.
Since
the
description
of
ferroptosis
as
an
iron-dependent
form
non-apoptotic
cell
in
2012,
there
has
been
mounting
interest
process
and
function
ferroptosis.
Ferroptosis
occur
two
major
pathways,
extrinsic
or
transporter-dependent
pathway
intrinsic
enzyme-regulated
pathway.
is
caused
by
a
redox
imbalance
between
production
oxidants
antioxidants,
which
driven
abnormal
expression
activity
multiple
redox-active
enzymes
that
produce
detoxify
free
radicals
lipid
oxidation
products.
Accordingly,
precisely
regulated
at
levels,
including
epigenetic,
transcriptional,
posttranscriptional
posttranslational
layers.
The
transcription
factor
NFE2L2
plays
central
role
upregulating
anti-ferroptotic
defense,
whereas
selective
autophagy
may
promote
ferroptotic
death.
Here,
we
review
current
knowledge
on
integrated
molecular
machinery
describe
how
dysregulated
involved
cancer,
neurodegeneration,
tissue
injury,
inflammation,
infection.
Autophagy,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
17(9), P. 2054 - 2081
Published: Aug. 19, 2020
Ferroptosis
is
an
iron-dependent,
non-apoptotic
form
of
regulated
cell
death
caused
by
lipid
peroxidation,
which
controlled
integrated
oxidation
and
antioxidant
systems.
The
iron-containing
enzyme
lipoxygenase
the
main
promoter
ferroptosis
producing
hydroperoxides,
its
function
relies
on
activation
ACSL4-dependent
biosynthesis.
In
contrast,
selenium-containing
GPX4
currently
recognized
as
a
central
repressor
ferroptosis,
activity
depends
glutathione
produced
from
cystine-glutamate
antiporter
SLC7A11.
Many
metabolic
(especially
involving
iron,
lipids,
amino
acids)
degradation
pathways
(macroautophagy/autophagy
ubiquitin-proteasome
system)
orchestrate
complex
ferroptotic
response
through
direct
or
indirect
regulation
iron
accumulation
peroxidation.
Although
detailed
mechanism
membrane
injury
during
remains
mystery,
ESCRT
III-mediated
plasma
repair
can
make
cells
resistant
to
ferroptosis.
Here,
we
review
recent
rapid
progress
in
understanding
molecular
mechanisms
focus
epigenetic,
transcriptional,
posttranslational
this
process.Abbreviations:
2ME:
beta-mercaptoethanol;
α-KG:
α-ketoglutarate;
ccRCC:
clear
renal
carcinoma;
EMT:
epithelial-mesenchymal
transition;
FAO:
fatty
acid
beta-oxidation;
GSH:
glutathione;
MEFs:
mouse
embryonic
fibroblasts;
MUFAs:
monounsaturated
acids;
NO:
nitric
oxide;
NOX:
NADPH
oxidase;
PPP:
pentose
phosphate
pathway;
PUFA:
polyunsaturated
acid;
RCD:
death;
RNS:
reactive
nitrogen
species;
ROS:
oxygen
RTAs:
radical-trapping
antioxidants;
UPS:
system;
UTR:
untranslated
region.
The EMBO Journal,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
40(19)
Published: Aug. 30, 2021
Review30
August
2021Open
Access
Autophagy
in
major
human
diseases
Daniel
J
Klionsky
orcid.org/0000-0002-7828-8118
Life
Sciences
Institute,
University
of
Michigan,
Ann
Arbor,
MI,
USA
Search
for
more
papers
by
this
author
Giulia
Petroni
Department
Radiation
Oncology,
Weill
Cornell
Medical
College,
New
York,
NY,
Ravi
K
Amaravadi
Medicine,
Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia,
PA,
Abramson
Cancer
Center,
Eric
H
Baehrecke
Molecular,
Cell
and
Biology,
Massachusetts
School,
Worcester,
MA,
Andrea
Ballabio
orcid.org/0000-0003-1381-4604
Telethon
Institute
Genetics
Pozzuoli,
Italy
Translational
Sciences,
Section
Pediatrics,
Federico
II
University,
Naples,
Molecular
Human
Genetics,
Baylor
College
Jan
Dan
Duncan
Neurological
Research
Texas
Children
Hospital,
Houston,
TX,
Patricia
Boya
orcid.org/0000-0003-3045-951X
Margarita
Salas
Center
Biological
Research,
Spanish
National
Council,
Madrid,
Spain
José
Manuel
Bravo-San
Pedro
Faculty
Physiology,
Complutense
Networked
Biomedical
Neurodegenerative
Diseases
(CIBERNED),
Ken
Cadwell
Kimmel
Biology
Medicine
at
the
Skirball
York
Grossman
School
Microbiology,
Division
Gastroenterology
Hepatology,
Langone
Health,
Francesco
Cecconi
orcid.org/0000-0002-5614-4359
Stress
Survival
Unit,
Autophagy,
Recycling
Disease
(CARD),
Danish
Society
Copenhagen,
Denmark
Pediatric
Onco-Hematology
Gene
Therapy,
IRCCS
Bambino
Gesù
Children's
Rome,
Rome
'Tor
Vergata',
Augustine
M
Choi
Pulmonary
Critical
Care
Joan
Sanford
I.
York-Presbyterian
Mary
E
Nephrology
Hypertension,
Charleen
T
Chu
orcid.org/0000-0002-5052-8271
Pathology,
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh,
Patrice
Codogno
orcid.org/0000-0002-5492-3180
Institut
Necker-Enfants
Malades,
INSERM
U1151-CNRS
UMR
8253,
Paris,
France
Université
de
Maria
Isabel
Colombo
Laboratorio
Mecanismos
Moleculares
Implicados
en
el
Tráfico
Vesicular
y
la
Autofagia-Instituto
Histología
Embriología
(IHEM)-Universidad
Nacional
Cuyo,
CONICET-
Facultad
Ciencias
Médicas,
Mendoza,
Argentina
Ana
Cuervo
orcid.org/0000-0002-0771-700X
Developmental
Albert
Einstein
Bronx,
Aging
Studies,
Vojo
Deretic
Inflammation
Metabolism
(AIM,
Excellence,
Mexico
Health
Albuquerque,
NM,
Ivan
Dikic
orcid.org/0000-0001-8156-9511
Biochemistry
II,
Goethe
Frankfurt,
Frankfurt
am
Main,
Germany
Buchmann
Zvulun
Elazar
Biomolecular
The
Weizmann
Science,
Rehovot,
Israel
Eeva-Liisa
Eskelinen
Biomedicine,
Turku,
Finland
Gian
Fimia
orcid.org/0000-0003-4438-3325
Sapienza
Epidemiology,
Preclinical
Advanced
Diagnostics,
Infectious
'L.
Spallanzani'
IRCCS,
David
A
Gewirtz
orcid.org/0000-0003-0437-4934
Pharmacology
Toxicology,
Virginia
Commonwealth
Richmond,
VA,
Douglas
R
Green
Immunology,
St.
Jude
Memphis,
TN,
Malene
Hansen
Burnham
Prebys
Discovery
Program
Development,
Aging,
Regeneration,
La
Jolla,
CA,
Marja
Jäättelä
orcid.org/0000-0001-5950-7111
Death
Metabolism,
&
Disease,
Cellular
Terje
Johansen
orcid.org/0000-0003-1451-9578
Group,
Tromsø—The
Arctic
Norway,
Tromsø,
Norway
Gábor
Juhász
Szeged,
Hungary
Anatomy,
Eötvös
Loránd
Budapest,
Vassiliki
Karantza
Merck
Co.,
Inc.,
Kenilworth,
NJ,
Claudine
Kraft
orcid.org/0000-0002-3324-4701
ZBMZ,
Freiburg,
CIBSS
-
Centre
Integrative
Signalling
Guido
Kroemer
orcid.org/0000-0002-9334-4405
Recherche
des
Cordeliers,
Equipe
Labellisée
par
Ligue
Contre
le
Cancer,
Sorbonne
Université,
Inserm
U1138,
Universitaire
France,
Metabolomics
Platforms,
Gustave
Roussy,
Villejuif,
Pôle
Biologie,
Hôpital
Européen
Georges
Pompidou,
AP-HP,
Suzhou
Systems
Chinese
Academy
Suzhou,
China
Karolinska
Women's
Stockholm,
Sweden
Nicholas
Ktistakis
Programme,
Babraham
Cambridge,
UK
Sharad
Kumar
orcid.org/0000-0001-7126-9814
South
Australia,
Adelaide,
SA,
Australia
Carlos
Lopez-Otin
orcid.org/0000-0001-6964-1904
Departamento
Bioquímica
Biología
Medicina,
Instituto
Universitario
Oncología
del
Principado
Asturias
(IUOPA),
Universidad
Oviedo,
Centro
Investigación
Biomédica
Red
Cáncer
(CIBERONC),
Kay
F
Macleod
Ben
May
Gordon
W-338,
Chicago,
IL,
Frank
Madeo
Biosciences,
NAWI
Graz,
Austria
BioTechMed-Graz,
Field
Excellence
BioHealth
–
Jennifer
Martinez
Immunity,
Laboratory,
Environmental
NIH,
Triangle
Park,
NC,
Alicia
Meléndez
Department,
Queens
City
Flushing,
Graduate
PhD
Programs
Noboru
Mizushima
orcid.org/0000-0002-6258-6444
Tokyo,
Japan
Christian
Münz
orcid.org/0000-0001-6419-1940
Viral
Immunobiology,
Experimental
Zurich,
Switzerland
Josef
Penninger
Biotechnology
Austrian
(IMBA),
Vienna
BioCenter
(VBC),
Vienna,
British
Columbia,
Vancouver,
BC,
Canada
Rushika
Perera
orcid.org/0000-0003-2435-2273
California,
San
Francisco,
Helen
Diller
Family
Comprehensive
Mauro
Piacentini
orcid.org/0000-0003-2919-1296
"Tor
Vergata",
Laboratory
Cytology
Russian
Saint
Petersburg,
Russia
Fulvio
Reggiori
orcid.org/0000-0003-2652-2686
Cells
Systems,
Section,
Groningen,
Netherlands
C
Rubinsztein
Cambridge
Dementia
Kevin
Ryan
Beatson
Glasgow,
Junichi
Sadoshima
Cardiovascular
Rutgers
Jersey
Newark,
Laura
Santambrogio
Sandra
Edward
Meyer
Caryl
Englander
Precision
Luca
Scorrano
orcid.org/0000-0002-8515-8928
Istituto
Veneto
di
Medicina
Molecolare,
Padova,
Hans-Uwe
Simon
Pharmacology,
Bern,
Clinical
Immunology
Allergology,
Sechenov
Moscow,
Fundamental
Kazan
Federal
Kazan,
Anna
Katharina
Kennedy
Rheumatology,
NDORMS,
Oxford,
Anne
Simonsen
orcid.org/0000-0003-4711-7057
Basic
Oslo,
Reprogramming,
Oslo
Hospital
Montebello,
Alexandra
Stolz
orcid.org/0000-0002-3340-439X
Nektarios
Tavernarakis
orcid.org/0000-0002-5253-1466
Biotechnology,
Foundation
Technology-Hellas,
Heraklion,
Crete,
Greece
Sharon
Tooze
orcid.org/0000-0002-2182-3116
Francis
Crick
London,
Tamotsu
Yoshimori
orcid.org/0000-0001-9787-3788
Osaka
Suita,
Intracellular
Membrane
Dynamics,
Frontier
Integrated
Science
Division,
Open
Transdisciplinary
Initiatives
(OTRI),
Junying
Yuan
Interdisciplinary
on
Chemistry,
Shanghai
Organic
Shanghai,
Harvard
Boston,
Zhenyu
Yue
Neurology,
Friedman
Brain
Icahn
Mount
Sinai,
Qing
Zhong
orcid.org/0000-0001-6979-955X
Key
Differentiation
Apoptosis
Ministry
Education,
Pathophysiology,
Jiao
Tong
(SJTU-SM),
Lorenzo
Galluzzi
Corresponding
Author
[email
protected]
orcid.org/0000-0003-2257-8500
Dermatology,
Yale
Haven,
CT,
Pietrocola
orcid.org/0000-0002-2930-234X
Biosciences
Nutrition,
Huddinge,
mor
Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
7(1)
Published: June 20, 2022
Abstract
In
recent
years,
immunotherapy
represented
by
immune
checkpoint
inhibitors
(ICIs)
has
led
to
unprecedented
breakthroughs
in
cancer
treatment.
However,
the
fact
that
many
tumors
respond
poorly
or
even
not
ICIs,
partly
caused
absence
of
tumor-infiltrating
lymphocytes
(TILs),
significantly
limits
application
ICIs.
Converting
these
“cold”
into
“hot”
may
ICIs
is
an
unsolved
question
immunotherapy.
Since
it
a
general
characteristic
cancers
resist
apoptosis,
induction
non-apoptotic
regulated
cell
death
(RCD)
emerging
as
new
treatment
strategy.
Recently,
several
studies
have
revealed
interaction
between
RCD
and
antitumor
immunity.
Specifically,
autophagy,
ferroptosis,
pyroptosis,
necroptosis
exhibit
synergistic
responses
while
possibly
exerting
inhibitory
effects
on
responses.
Thus,
targeted
therapies
(inducers
inhibitors)
against
combination
with
exert
potent
activity,
resistant
This
review
summarizes
multilevel
relationship
immunity
RCD,
including
necroptosis,
potential
targeting
improve
efficacy
malignancy.
The Journal of Experimental Medicine,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
218(6)
Published: May 12, 2021
Ferroptosis
is
a
type
of
regulated
necrosis
that
triggered
by
combination
iron
toxicity,
lipid
peroxidation,
and
plasma
membrane
damage.
The
upstream
inducers
ferroptosis
can
be
divided
into
two
categories
(biological
versus
chemical)
activate
major
pathways
(the
extrinsic/transporter
the
intrinsic/enzymatic
pathways).
Excessive
or
deficient
ferroptotic
cell
death
implicated
in
growing
list
physiological
pathophysiological
processes,
coupled
to
dysregulated
immune
response.
This
review
focuses
on
new
discoveries
related
how
cells
their
spilled
contents
shape
innate
adaptive
immunity
health
disease.
Understanding
immunological
characteristics
activity
not
only
illuminates
an
intersection
between
but
may
also
lead
development
novel
treatment
approaches
for
immunopathological
diseases.
Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
5(1)
Published: June 30, 2020
Abstract
Ferroptosis
is
a
new
form
of
programmed
cell
death
characterized
by
the
accumulation
iron-dependent
lethal
lipid
peroxides.
Recent
discoveries
have
focused
on
alterations
that
occur
in
metabolism
during
ferroptosis
and
provided
intriguing
insights
into
interplay
between
cancer.
Their
interaction
regulates
initiation,
development,
metastasis,
therapy
resistance
cancer,
as
well
tumor
immunity,
which
offers
several
potential
strategies
for
cancer
treatment.
This
review
brief
overview
features
characterizing
metabolism,
highlights
significance
this
Cancer Communications,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
42(2), P. 88 - 116
Published: Feb. 1, 2022
Abstract
The
hallmark
of
tumorigenesis
is
the
successful
circumvention
cell
death
regulation
for
achieving
unlimited
replication
and
immortality.
Ferroptosis
a
newly
identified
type
dependent
on
lipid
peroxidation
which
differs
from
classical
programmed
in
terms
morphology,
physiology
biochemistry.
broad
spectrum
injury
tumor
tolerance
are
main
reasons
radiotherapy
chemotherapy
failure.
effective
rate
immunotherapy
as
new
treatment
method
less
than
30%.
can
be
seen
radiotherapy,
chemotherapy,
immunotherapy;
therefore,
ferroptosis
activation
may
potential
strategy
to
overcome
drug
resistance
mechanism
traditional
cancer
treatments.
In
this
review,
characteristics
causes
by
briefly
described.
addition,
three
metabolic
regulations
its
crosstalk
with
signaling
pathways
summarized.
Collectively,
these
findings
suggest
vital
role
based
interaction
immunotherapy,
thus,
indicating
remarkable
treatment.
Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
8
Published: Sept. 17, 2020
Many
new
types
of
regulated
cell
death
have
been
recently
implicated
in
human
health
and
disease.
These
deaths
different
morphological,
genetic,
biochemical,
functional
hallmarks.
Ferroptosis
was
originally
described
as
a
carcinogenic
RAS-dependent
non-apoptotic
death,
is
now
defined
type
necrosis
characterized
by
iron
accumulation,
lipid
peroxidation,
the
release
damage-associated
molecular
patterns
(DAMPs).
Multiple
oxidative
antioxidant
systems,
acting
together
autophagy
machinery,
shape
process
peroxidation
during
ferroptosis.
In
particular,
production
reactive
oxygen
species
(ROS)
that
depends
on
activity
NADPH
oxidases
(NOXs)
mitochondrial
respiratory
chain
promotes
lipoxygenase
(ALOX)
or
cytochrome
P450
reductase
(POR).
contrast,
glutathione
(GSH),
coenzyme
Q10
(CoQ10),
tetrahydrobiopterin
(BH4)
system
limits
damage
processes
are
further
transcriptionally
nuclear
factor,
erythroid
2-like
2
(NFE2L2/NRF2),
whereas
membrane
repair
ferroptotic
requires
activation
endosomal
sorting
complexes
required
for
transport
(ESCRT)-III.
A
understanding
function
ferroptosis
may
provide
precise
treatment
strategies