Journal of Immunology Research,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
2024, P. 1 - 19
Published: Jan. 25, 2024
Since
the
COVID-19
outbreak,
severe
acute
respiratory
syndrome
coronavirus
2
(SARS-COV-2)
virus
has
evolved
into
variants
with
varied
infectivity.
Vaccines
developed
against
infection
have
boosted
immunity,
but
there
is
still
uncertainty
on
how
long
immunity
from
natural
or
vaccination
will
last.
The
present
study
attempts
to
outline
level
of
information
about
contagiousness
and
spread
SARS-CoV-2
interest
concern
(VOCs).
keywords
like
vaccine
types,
VOCs,
universal
vaccines,
bivalent,
other
relevant
terms
were
searched
in
NCBI,
Science
Direct,
WHO
databases
review
published
literature.
provides
an
integrative
discussion
current
state
knowledge
type
vaccines
SARS-CoV-2,
safety
efficacy
concerning
prospects
novel
universal,
chimeric,
bivalent
mRNA
fend
off
existing
emerging
coronaviruses.
Genomic
variation
can
be
quite
significant,
as
seen
by
notable
differences
impact,
transmission
rate,
morbidity,
death
during
several
human
outbreaks.
Therefore,
understanding
amount
characteristics
genetic
diversity
historical
contemporary
strains
help
researchers
get
edge
over
upcoming
variants.
Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
21(1)
Published: April 11, 2025
The
SARS-CoV-2
virus
continues
to
evolve,
with
the
Omicron
KP.2
variant,
a
descendant
of
BA.2.86,
emerging
as
public
health
concern
due
its
rapid
spread
and
resistance
existing
immunity.
This
review
examines
phylogenetic
evolution
SARS-CoV-2,
focusing
on
key
mutations
(R346T,
F456L,
V1104L),
alongside
epidemiological
implications.
It
also
discusses
development
approval
KP.2-adapted
booster
vaccine,
shown
in
clinical
trials
significantly
enhance
immune
responses
protect
against
symptomatic
severe
disease,
particularly
vulnerable
groups.
Despite
vaccine
advancements,
challenges
global
distribution
inequity
persist,
especially
low-
middle-income
countries,
increasing
risk
vaccine-resistant
variants.
manuscript
underscores
importance
equitable
access
control
pandemic
prevent
future
outbreaks,
while
highlighting
need
for
continuous
surveillance
broader-spectrum
research
evolves.
Viruses,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
15(5), P. 1162 - 1162
Published: May 13, 2023
The
humoral
response
after
vaccination
was
evaluated
in
1248
individuals
who
received
different
COVID-19
vaccine
schedules.
study
compared
subjects
primed
with
adenoviral
ChAdOx1-S
(ChAd)
and
boosted
BNT162b2
(BNT)
mRNA
vaccines
(ChAd/BNT)
to
homologous
dosing
BNT/BNT
or
ChAd/ChAd
vaccines.
Serum
samples
were
collected
at
two,
four
six
months
vaccination,
anti-Spike
IgG
responses
determined.
heterologous
induced
a
more
robust
immune
than
the
two
vaccinations.
ChAd/BNT
stronger
all
time
points,
whereas
differences
between
decreased
over
not
significant
months.
Furthermore,
kinetic
parameters
associated
decay
estimated
by
applying
first-order
kinetics
equation.
longest
of
anti-S
negativization
slow
titer
time.
Finally,
analyzing
factors
influencing
ANCOVA
analysis,
it
found
that
schedule
had
impact
on
both
parameters,
having
Body
Mass
Index
(BMI)
above
overweight
threshold
an
impaired
response.
Overall,
may
offer
longer-lasting
protection
against
SARS-CoV-2
strategies.
The Journal of Infectious Diseases,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
228(Supplement_1), P. S34 - S45
Published: May 24, 2023
Solid
organ
transplant
recipients
(SOTRs)
are
at
high
risk
for
infections
including
SARS-CoV-2,
primarily
due
to
use
of
immunosuppressive
therapies
that
prevent
rejection.
Furthermore,
these
immunosuppressants
typically
associated
with
suboptimal
responses
vaccination.
While
COVID-19
vaccines
have
reduced
the
COVID-19-related
morbidity
and
mortality
in
SOTRs,
breakthrough
infection
rates
death
remain
higher
this
population
compared
immunocompetent
individuals.
Approaches
enhancing
response
such
as
through
administration
additional
doses
heterologous
vaccination,
resulted
increased
seroresponse
antibody
levels.
In
article,
safety
immunogenicity
mRNA
SOTRs
explored
by
dose.
Key
considerations
clinical
practice
current
vaccine
recommendations
discussed
within
context
dynamic
vaccination
guideline
landscape.
A
thorough
understanding
topics
is
essential
determining
public
health
strategies
help
protect
immunocompromised
populations,
SOTRs.
Vaccine,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
41(48), P. 7166 - 7175
Published: Oct. 31, 2023
Vaccination
remains
crucial
for
protection
against
severe
SARS-CoV-2
infection,
especially
people
of
advanced
age,
however,
optimal
dosing
regimens
are
as
yet
lacking.
Frontiers in Immunology,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
15
Published: Sept. 2, 2024
Background
DS-5670
is
a
messenger
ribonucleic
acid
(mRNA)
vaccine
platform
targeting
the
receptor-binding
domain
(RBD)
of
spike
protein
derived
from
severe
acute
respiratory
syndrome-coronavirus-2
(SARS-CoV-2).
Booster
vaccination
against
coronavirus
disease
2019
(COVID-19)
with
monovalent
DS-5670a
(incorporating
mRNA
encoding
RBD
original
SARS-CoV-2
strain)
or
bivalent
DS-5670a/b
(original
and
omicron
BA.4-5
antigens)
effective
safe
in
adults.
Data
phase
2/3
active-controlled,
non-inferiority,
pediatric
study
evaluating
third
booster
dose
are
reported
here.
Methods
Children
aged
5–11
years
who
had
completed
two-dose
primary
series
BNT162b2
at
least
3
months
prior
to
enrolment
were
randomly
assigned
receive
(20
µg
mRNA)
BNT1
62b2
(original/omicron
BA.4-5;
10
on
Day
1.
The
efficacy
endpoint
was
blood
neutralization
geometric
mean
titer
(GMT)
(omicron
variant
BA.5.2.1)
immune
response
rate
(≥
4-fold
increase
post-vaccination
circulating
anti-SARS-CoV-2
neutralizing
activity)
29.
Results
Among
evaluable
participants
(DS-5670a/b,
n
=
74;
BNT162b2,
75),
adjusted
GMT
ratio
29
1.636
(95%
CI,
1.221,
2.190).
Immune
rates
≥
89%
both
vaccines;
difference
2.6%
–7.8,
13.8).
prespecified
non-inferiority
margins
exceeded,
met
endpoint.
also
demonstrated
broad
activity
across
recent
sublineages
no
cases
COVID-19
between
Days
8–29
post-administration
reported.
There
novel
safety
concerns
population
data
cut-off.
Conclusions
Bivalent
non-inferior
terms
immunogenicity,
manageable
profile,
when
administered
as
heterologous
children
years.
Clinical
trial
registration
https://jrct.niph.go.jp/
,
identifier
jRCT2031220665
